n.

洗剤、洗浄剤、界面活性剤、清浄剤

関: cleaner、cleaning agent、sanitizer、surface-active agent、surfactant、syndet、washing agent

WordNet

having cleansing power (同)detersive
a surface-active chemical widely used in industry and laundering
a cleansing agent that differs from soap but can also emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension
the operator of dry-cleaning establishment (同)dry cleaner
someone whose occupation is cleaning
a class of synthetic detergents in which the surface-active part of the molecule is the cation (同)invert soap
a low-sudsing detergent designed for use in dishwashers (同)dishwashing detergent, dishwashing liquid
any of various detergents designed for use in a washing machine for clothing
a detergent in liquid form
wipe away; to wash off or out, cleanse; chiefly in medical use: to clear away foul matter from the body; "This drug is powerful enough to deterge"

PrepTutorEJDIC

洗剤
掃除機 / (また『cleaner's』)クリーニング屋(店) / クリーニングする人;清掃作業員 / 洗剤

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/05 17:15:04」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Detergents

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions."^[1] These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are amphiphilic: partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar). Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees.

1 Chemical classification of detergents
- 1.1 Anionic detergents
- 1.2 Cationic detergents
- 1.3 Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents
2 History
3 Major applications of detergents
- 3.1 Laundry detergents
- 3.2 Fuel additives
- 3.3 Biological reagent
- 3.4 Soapless soap
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Chemical classification of detergents

Detergents are classified into three broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants.

Anionic detergents

Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two different varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were largely phased out in economically advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable.^[2] An estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergents are produced annually for domestic markets.

Bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DOC), are anionic detergents produced by the liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and oils.

Three kinds of anionic detergents: a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a soap.

Cationic detergents

Cationic detergents are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophobic component, but, instead of the anionic sulfonate group, the cationic surfactants have quaternary ammonium as the polar end. The ammonium center is positively charged.^[2]

Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents

Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside. Common examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These materials are also known as ethoxylates or PEGlyates and their metabolites, nonylphenol. Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup. Examples include octyl thioglucoside and maltosides. HEGA and MEGA series detergents are similar, possessing a sugar alcohol as headgroup.

Zwitterionic detergents possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of equal numbers of +1 and −1 charged chemical groups. Examples include CHAPS.

See surfactants for more applications.

History

In World War I, there was a shortage of oils. Synthetic detergents were first made in Germany.^[3]^[4]

Major applications of detergents

Laundry detergents

One of the largest applications of detergents is for washing clothes. The formulations are complex, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the highly competitive consumer market. In general, laundry detergents contain water softeners, surfactants, bleach, enzymes, brighteners, fragrances, and many other agents. The formulation is strongly affected by the temperature of the cleaning water and varies from country to country.

The major components of laundry detergents is anionic surfactants, alkaline builders, water softening agents and anti re deposition agents. Higher end detergents contain enzymes and optical brighteners. Some liquid detergents contain non ionic surfactants.

Sodium tripolyphosphate was an excellent builder used in laundry detergent powders. However, due to issues of biodegradability many countries have banned the use of phosphates in detergents. Manufacturers are using substitutes such as EDTA and other biodegradable chemicals instead.

Fuel additives

Both carburetors and fuel injector components of Otto engines benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling. Concentrations are about 300 ppm. Typical detergents are long-chain amines and amides such as polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/succinimide.^[5]

Biological reagent

Reagent grade detergents are employed for the isolation and purification of integral membrane proteins found in biological cells.^[6] Solubilization of cell membrane bilayers requires a detergent that can enter the inner membrane monolayer.^[7] Advancements in the purity and sophistication of detergents have facilitated structural and biophysical characterization of important membrane proteins such as ion channels also the disrupt membrane by binding LPS.,^[8] transporters, signaling receptors, and photosystem II.^[9]

Soapless soap

Soapless soap refers to a soapfree liquid cleanser with a slightly acidic pH.^[10] Soapless soaps are used in an array of products.

Borax-based washing detergent

References

^ "IUPAC Gold Book - detergent". Goldbook.iupac.org. 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
^ ^a ^b Eduard Smulders, Wolfgang Rybinski, Eric Sung, Wilfried Rähse, Josef Steber, Frederike Wiebel, Anette Nordskog, "Laundry Detergents" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
^ "Soaps & Detergent: History (1900s to Now)". American Cleaning Institute. Retrieved on 6th January 2015
^ David O. Whitten; Bessie Emrick Whitten (1 January 1997). Handbook of American Business History: Extractives, manufacturing, and services. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-313-25199-3.
^ Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze, Klaus Reders "Automotive Fuels" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheimdoi:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2
^ Koley D, Bard AJ (2010). "Triton X-100 concentration effects on membrane permeability of a single HeLa cell by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (39): 16783–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011614107. PMC 2947864. PMID 20837548.
^ Lichtenberg D, Ahyayauch H, Goñi FM (2013). "The mechanism of detergent solubilization of lipid bilayers". Biophysical Journal 105 (2): 289–299. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.007. PMC 3714928. PMID 23870250.
^ Doyle, DA; Morais Cabral, J; Pfuetzner, RA; Kuo, A; Gulbis, JM; Cohen, SL; Chait, BT; MacKinnon, R (1998). "The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+conduction and selectivity". Science 280 (5360): 69–77. doi:10.1126/science.280.5360.69. PMID 9525859.
^ Umena, Yasufumi; Kawakami, Keisuke; Shen, Jian-Ren; Kamiya, Nobuo (2011). "Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 A". Nature 473: 55–60. doi:10.1038/nature09913. PMID 21499260.
^ Tyebkhan G (2002). "Skin cleansing in neonates and infants-basics of cleansers". Indian J Pediatr 69 (9): 767–9. doi:10.1007/BF02723687. PMID 12420908.

External links

About.com: How Do Detergents Clean
Detergents and Surfactants
Campbell tips for detergents chemistry, surfactants, and history related to laundry washing, destaining methods and soil.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 血液製剤の病原体不活化 pathogen inactivation of blood products
2. 血漿成分の臨床使用 clinical use of plasma components
3. 輸血関連急性肺障害（TRALI） transfusion related acute lung injury trali
4. 輸血によるHIV感染およびAIDS transfusion transmitted hiv infection and aids
5. 後天性C1インヒビター欠損症：管理および予後 acquired c1 inhibitor deficiency management and prognosis

English Journal

Extraction and purification of a highly thermostable alkaline caseinolytic protease from wastes Penaeus vannamei suitable for food and detergent industries.

Dadshahi Z1, Homaei A2, Zeinali F1, Sajedi RH3, Khajeh K3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jul 1;202:110-5. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.104. Epub 2016 Jan 25.
A novel thermostable protease was purified from Penaeus vannamei from Persian Gulf to homogeneity level using ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography. The purified protease showed a single band on native and SDS-PAGE with a molecular weight of 24kDa on SDS-PAGE. The enzyme s
PMID 26920273

Contributing effect of various washing procedures and additives on the decline pattern of diethofencarb in crown daisy, a model of leafy vegetables.

Kim SW1, Abd El-Aty AM2, Choi JH1, Lee YJ1, Lieu TT1, Chung HS1, Rahman MM1, Choi OJ3, Shin HC4, Rhee GS5, Chang MI5, Kim HJ5, Shim JH6.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jun 15;201:153-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.064. Epub 2016 Jan 21.
The effects of various washing procedures, including stagnant, running, and stagnant and running tap water, and the use of washing solutions and additives, namely NaCl (1% and 2%), vinegar (2%, 5%, and 10%), detergent (0.5% and 1%), and charcoal (1% and 2%), on the reduction rate of diethofencarb we
PMID 26868560

Clouding in fatty acid dispersions for charge-dependent dye extraction.

Garenne D1, Navailles L2, Nallet F2, Grélard A3, Dufourc EJ3, Douliez JP4.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2016 Apr 15;468:95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.01.049. Epub 2016 Jan 23.
The clouding phenomenon in non-ionic surfactant systems is a common feature that remains rare for ionic detergents. Here, we show that fatty acid (negatively charged) systems cloud upon cooling hot dispersions depending on the concentration or when adding excess guanidine hydrochloride. The clouding
PMID 26828279

Quantitation of yeast total proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis sample buffer for uniform loading.

Sheen H1.
Analytical biochemistry.Anal Biochem.2016 Apr 1;498:95-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.01.002. Epub 2016 Jan 13.
Proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) sample buffer are difficult to quantitate due to SDS and reducing agents being in the buffer. Although acetone precipitation has long been used to clean up proteins from detergents and salts, previous studies showed tha
PMID 26796977

Japanese Journal

Generation of functional antibodies for mammalian membrane protein crystallography.

Hino Tomoya,Iwata So,Murata Takeshi
Current opinion in structural biology 23(4), 563-568, 2013-08-00
… Crystallography of membrane proteins is often limited by the difficulty of crystallization in detergent micelles. …
NAID 120005312201

夏季着用衣服に付着した汚れの効果的な洗浄方法

牛腸ヒロミ,荒井美帆,上西朋子
実践女子大学生活科学部紀要 50, 145-150, 2013-03-10
… 210%tap water and standard detergent usage was placed on the neck soiled sample and beaten forseveral minutes. … The detergent was removed by the beating with a towel containing freshwater. …
NAID 110009587672

Use of cassette-electrode microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Miyahara Morio,Hashimoto Kazuhito,Watanabe Kazuya
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 115(2), 176-181, 2013-02-00
… The present study modified CE-MFC for its application to wastewater treatment and examined its utility in a long-term (240 days) experiment to treat a synthetic wastewater, containing starch, yeast extract, peptone, plant oil, and a detergent (approximately 500 mg of total chemical oxygen demand [COD] per liter). …
NAID 110009592567

Reendothelialization of Human Heart Valve Neoscaffolds Using Umbilical Cord-Derived Endothelial Cells

Weymann Alexander,Schmack Bastian,Okada Takayuki,Soós Pál,Istók Roland,Radovits Tamás,Straub Beate,Barnucz Enikö,Loganathan Sivakkanan,Pätzold Ines,Chaimow Nicole,Schies Carsten,Korkmaz Sevil,Tochtermann Ursula,Karck Matthias,Szabó Gábor
Circulation Journal 77(1), 207-216, 2013
… Methods and Results: Pulmonary (n=9) and aortic (n=6) human allografts were harvested from explanted hearts from heart transplant recipients and were decellularized using a detergent-based cell extraction method. …
NAID 130001870111

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「sanitizer」「清浄剤」「洗剤」「洗浄剤」「cleaner」
拡張検索	「detergent-insoluble glycolipid rich domain」「nonionic detergent」「synthetic detergent」