出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/17 19:03:54」(JST)
| Supracondylar humerus fracture | |
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| Classification and external resources | |
An elbow X-ray showing a supracondylar fracture in a young child ( H = humerus, R = Radius, U = Ulna, Fracture is marked by an arrow )
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| ICD-10 | S42.4 |
| ICD-9 | 812.41, 812.51 |
| eMedicine | article/1269576 |
A supracondylar fracture is a fracture, usually of the distal humerus just above the epicondyles, although it may occur elsewhere.[where?] While relatively rare in adults it is one of the more common fractures to occur in children and is often associated with the development of serious complications.
It may be of a flexion type or an extension type, depending upon the displacement of the distal fragment of bone.
Extension type: The most common type, accounting for 80%[citation needed] of all supracondylar fractures. The distal fragment is displaced posteriorly. Flexion type: The least common variety is the distal fragment displacing anteriorly relative to the proximal segment.
Displacements: The displacements may present in one of a number of ways: posterior shift, posterior tilt, lateral or medial shift, proximal shift or internal rotation.
There are three types based on the degree of separation of the fractured fragments.
According to a website for orthopedic surgeons, “This is the most common elbow fracture in children, about 60% of fractures in children. It is most common in children <10, peak incidence is between the ages of 5-8 years of age. Primarily in children who are around age 7 years, which is often a period of maximum ligamentous laxity; therefore, the elbow hyperextends when the child tries to catch himself or herself during a fall. During the hyperextension process, the olecranon (elbow bone) process is forced against the weaker, immature metaphyseal bone of the distal humerus, producing the typical extension-type supracondylar fracture”.[2]
Presenting complaints: The child presents with history of a falling on an outstretched hand followed by pain, swelling and inability to move the affected elbow.
On examination: Unusual prominence of olecranon process but because it is a supracondylar fracture, the three bony point relationship is maintained, as in a normal elbow.
(a) tear or entrapment of the brachial artery; (b) spasm of the artery and (c) compression of the artery relieved by manipulation of the fracture (d) compression of median nerve. Causing Pink and Pulseless hand in supra condylar fracture. Thus there is loss of circulation of forearm, causing lack of reperfusion of tissues resulting in tissue death causing compartment syndrome. (See Volkmann Contracture)
Therefore the complications of elbow dislocations include the following:
The fracture is caused by fall on an outstretched hand in 70% of cases. As the hands hits the ground, the elbow is hyperextended resulting in fracture above the condyles. This fracture is most commonly seen in children between the ages of 5-15 yrs. It is a very important clinical condition where medical attention is necessary.
There are two ways supracondylar fractures occur, high impact on a hyperextended elbow or a supracondylar flexion of more than 90 degrees. Fractures of the distal humerus are most commonly due to a falling on your hand with arms fully extended, causing direct trauma to the elbow. The distal condylar complex would shift in either the posterolateral or posteromedial direction, which account for approximately 95% of supracondylar fractures. The remaining 5% of these fractures result from a direct blow to the posterior aspect when the elbow is flexed more than 90°. In these cases, the distal condylar complex is more likely to displace in the anterolateral direction.[1]
The fracture lines extend transversely through the distal end [metaphysis] above the condyles.
Diagnosis is usually by X-ray. The fracture can however be difficult to identify and often a joint effusion is used to increase one's suspicion of the presence of a fracture. The existence of an effusion can be determined by the presence of the sail sign.
Upon examination the doctor will evaluate the arm for signs of damage to the nerves and blood vessels; they will look for swelling and deformity. This will allow the doctor to determine a likely diagnosis. Damage to the elbow is a common injury in children; injuries to blood supply of the arm may necessitate early surgical intervention.[5] Most of the supracondylar fractures are minor and require a period of rest, analgesia and compression prior to graduated formal rehabilitation.[6] In the event of a more severe injury, the fracture will be visible on an x-ray. It is important in diagnosis to understand the dynamics of an x-ray because growth plate fractures may not show up like normal broken bones. It is a good idea to compare the x-ray of the injured elbow to the opposing side for analysis.[5] If rest does cause the fracture to heal then the child must be referred to a specialist for assessment of the injury.[6]
Surgery leads to improved outcome of displaced factures.[7][8]
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| リンク元 | 「上腕骨顆上骨折」「上腕骨顕上呂」 |
| 関連記事 | 「fracture」 |