WordNet

a piece of stored information that is used to identify an item in an information storage and retrieval system
make accountable for; "He did not want to subject himself to the judgments of his superiors"
something (a person or object or scene) selected by an artist or photographer for graphic representation; "a moving picture of a train is more dramatic than a still picture of the same subject" (同)content, depicted object
a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation; "the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly"; "the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities" (同)case, guinea_pig
the subject matter of a conversation or discussion; "he didnt want to discuss that subject"; "it was a very sensitive topic"; "his letters were always on the theme of love" (同)topic, theme
(grammar) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
(logic) the first term of a proposition
being under the power or sovereignty of another or others; "subject peoples"; "a dependent prince" (同)dependent
cause to experience or suffer or make liable or vulnerable to; "He subjected me to his awful poetry"; "The sergeant subjected the new recruits to many drills"; "People in Chernobyl were subjected to radiation"
likely to be affected by something; "the bond is subject to taxation"; "he is subject to fits of depression"
a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about; "the heading seemed to have little to do with the text" (同)header, head

PrepTutorEJDIC

(思考・議論・研究などの)『主題』,問題,議題,話題《+of+名》 / 『科目』,教科,学科 / (文法で)『主語』,主部 / 臣下,家来;(特に君主国の)国民,臣民 / (批判・実験などの)対象となる人(物) / (楽曲,特にフーガの)主題 / 『支配を受ける』,従属する / 《補語にのみ用いて》《be subject to+名》(…を)『受けやすい』,(…に)かかりやすい / 《補語にのみ用いて》《be subject to+名》)…に)『頼っている』,(|を)条件とする / (…に)〈国・人など〉‘を'『従わせる』《+名+to+名》 / 〈人・物など〉‘に'(いやなことなどを)『受けさせる』,経験させる《+名+to+名》
(章・節などの)表題,見出し

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/15 23:35:46」(JST)

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An index term, subject term, subject heading, or descriptor, in information retrieval, is a term that captures the essence of the topic of a document. Index terms make up a controlled vocabulary for use in bibliographic records. They are an integral part of bibliographic control, which is the function by which libraries collect, organize and disseminate documents. They are used as keywords to retrieve documents in an information system, for instance, a catalog or a search engine. A popular form of keywords on the web are tags which are directly visible and can be assigned by non-experts also. Index terms can consist of a word, phrase, or alphanumerical term. They are created by analyzing the document either manually with subject indexing or automatically with automatic indexing or more sophisticated methods of keyword extraction. Index terms can either come from a controlled vocabulary or be freely assigned.

Keywords are stored in a search index. Common words like articles (a, an, the) and conjunctions (and, or, but) are not treated as keywords because it is inefficient to do so. Almost every English-language site on the Internet has the article "the", and so it makes no sense to search for it. The most popular search engine, Google removed stop words such as "the" and "a" from its indexes for several years, but then re-introduced them, making certain types of precise search possible again.

The term "descriptor" was coined by Calvin Mooers in 1948. It is in particular used about a preferred term from a thesaurus.

The Simple Knowledge Organization System language (SKOS) provides a way to express index terms with Resource Description Framework for use in the context of Semantic Web.^[1]

In web search engines

Most web search engines are designed to search for words anywhere in a document—the title, the body, and so on. This being the case, a keyword can be any term that exists within the document. However, priority is given to words that occur in the title, words that recur numerous times, and words that are explicitly assigned as keywords within the coding.^[2] Index terms can be further refined using Boolean operators such as "AND, OR, NOT." "AND" is normally unnecessary as most search engines infer it. "OR" will search for results with one search term or another, or both. "NOT" eliminates a word or phrase from the search, getting rid of any results that include it. Multiple words can also be enclosed in quotation marks to turn the individual index terms into a specific index phrase. These modifiers and methods all help to refine search terms, to better maximize the accuracy of search results.^[3]

Author keywords

Many journals and databases provides access (also) to index terms made by authors to the articles being published or represented. The relative quality of indexer-provided index terms and author provided index terms is of interest to research in information retrieval. The quality of both kinds of indexing terms depends, of course, on the qualifications of provider. In general authors have difficulties providing indexing terms that characterizes his document relative to the other documents in the database. Author keywords are an integral part of literature.^[1]

Examples

Canadian Subject Headings (CSH)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System (PSH)

References

^ ^a ^b Svenonius, Elaine (2009). The intellectual foundation of information organization (1st MIT Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262512619.
^ Cutts, Matt. (2010, March 4). How search works. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNHR6IQJGZs
^ CLIO. Keyword search. Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/help/clio/keyword.html

UpToDate Contents

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1. 頭頚部癌の長期生存者に対するアプローチの概要 overview of approach to long term survivors of head and neck cancer
2. 頭頸部癌に対する治療の概要 overview of treatment for head and neck cancer
3. 頭頚部癌の診断および病期分類の概要 overview of the diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancer
4. 頭頸部肉腫 head and neck sarcomas
5. 幼児および小児における軽微な頭部外傷：評価 minor head trauma in infants and children evaluation

English Journal

Qualitative Literature Review of the Prevalence of Depression in Medical Students Compared to Students in Non-medical Degrees.

Bacchi S1, Licinio J.
Academic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry.Acad Psychiatry.2015 Jun;39(3):293-9. doi: 10.1007/s40596-014-0241-5. Epub 2014 Nov 15.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to review studies published in English between 1 January 2000 and 16 June 2014, in peer-reviewed journals, that have assessed the prevalence of depression, comparing medical students and non-medical students with a single evaluation method.METHOD: The databases
PMID 25398265

Does surgical timing influence functional recovery after lumbar discectomy? A systematic review.

Schoenfeld AJ1, Bono CM.
Clinical orthopaedics and related research.Clin Orthop Relat Res.2015 Jun;473(6):1963-70. doi: 10.1007/s11999-014-3505-1.
BACKGROUND: The impact of the duration of preoperative symptoms on outcomes after lumbar discectomy has not been sufficiently answered in a single study but is a potentially important clinical variable.QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: A systematic review was performed to answer two questions: (1) Does symptomati
PMID 24526298

Perceptions of paramedics and emergency staff about the care they provide to people who self-harm: Constructivist metasynthesis of the qualitative literature.

Rees N1, Rapport F2, Snooks H2.
Journal of psychosomatic research.J Psychosom Res.2015 Jun;78(6):529-535. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.007. Epub 2015 Mar 16.
OBJECTIVE: Presentations of self-harm to paramedic and emergency staff are increasing, and despite being the first professionals encountered, patients who self-harm report the quality of care and attitudes from these staff are unsatisfactory. Understanding this care may provide opportunities to impr
PMID 25819635