出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/27 11:19:08」(JST)
| Struvite | |
|---|---|
Crystals of struvite from dog urine |
|
| General | |
| Category | Phosphate mineral |
| Formula (repeating unit) |
NH4MgPO4·6H2O |
| Strunz classification | 08.CH.40 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Colourless, white (dehydrated), yellow or brownish, light gray |
| Crystal habit | Euhedral to platey |
| Crystal system | Orthorhombic - Pyramidal |
| Twinning | On {001} |
| Cleavage | {100} perfect |
| Fracture | Uneven |
| Mohs scale hardness | 1.5 - 2 |
| Luster | Vitreous to dull |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
| Specific gravity | 1.7 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (+) 2V Measured: 37° |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.495 nβ = 1.496 nγ = 1.504 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.009 |
| Solubility | Slightly soluble, dehydrates in dry, warm air |
| Other characteristics | Pyroelectric and piezoelectric |
| References | [1][2][3] |
Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is a phosphate mineral with formula: NH4MgPO4·6H2O. Struvite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system as white to yellowish or brownish-white pyramidal crystals or in platey mica-like forms. It is a soft mineral with Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and has a low specific gravity of 1.7. It is sparingly soluble in neutral and alkaline conditions, but readily soluble in acid.
Struvite urinary stones and crystals form readily in the urine of animals and humans that are infected with ammonia-producing organisms. They are potentiated by alkaline urine and high magnesium excretion (high magnesium/plant-based diets). They also are potentiated by a specific urinary protein, in domestic cats.
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Struvite was first described from medieval sewer systems in Hamburg Germany in 1845 and named for geographer and geologist Heinrich Christian Gottfried von Struve (1772-1851).[2]
Struvite is occasionally found in canned seafood, where its appearance is that of small glass slivers, objectionable to consumers for aesthetic reasons but of no health consequence[citation needed].
Use of struvite as an agricultural fertilizer was in fact first described in 1857.
Struvite precipitates in alkaline urine, forming stones. Struvite is the most common mineral found in urinary tract stones in dogs,[4] and is found also in urinary tract stones of cats and humans. Struvite stones are potentiated by bacterial infection that hydrolyzes urea to ammonium and raises urine pH to neutral or alkaline values. Urea-splitting organisms include Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma.
Even in the absence of infection, accumulation of struvite crystals in the urinary bladder is a problem frequently seen in housecats, with symptoms including difficulty urinating (which may be mistaken for constipation) or blood in the urine (hematuria). The protein cauxin, a protein excreted in large amounts in cat urine that acts to produce a feline pheromone, has recently been found to cause nucleation of struvite crystals in a model system containing the ions necessary to form struvite. This may explain some of the excess struvite production in domestic cats.[5] In the past, surgery has been required to remove struvite uroliths in cats; today, special acidifying low magnesium diets may be used to dissolve sterile struvite stones.
Upper urinary tract stones that involve the renal pelvis and extend into at least 2 calyces are classified as staghorn calculi. Although all types of urinary stones can potentially form staghorn calculi, approximately 75% are composed of a struvite-carbonate-apatite matrix.
Dog struvite bladder stones
Struvite crystals in a human urine sample with a pH of 9. Abundant amorphous phosphate crystals, several squamous and non-squamous epithelial cells and a few leukocytes can also be observed.
Another image from the same urine sample as with the image on the left.
Struvite is a common mineral found in enteroliths (intestinal concretions) in horses.[6]
Struvite can be a problem in sewage and waste water treatment, particularly after anaerobic digesters release ammonium and phosphate from waste material, as it forms a scale on lines and clogs system pipes. Recovery of phosphorus from wastestreams as struvite and recycling those nutrients into agriculture as fertilizer appears promising, particularly in agricultural manure and municipal waste water treatment plants.[7] [8] [9]
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| リンク元 | 「ストルバイト結石」 |
| 関連記事 | 「stone」 |