WordNet

a litter for transporting people who are ill or wounded or dead; usually consists of a sheet of canvas stretched between two poles
a mechanical device used to make something larger (as shoes or gloves) by stretching it
a wooden framework on which canvas is stretched and fixed for oil painting
a party of people with stretchers to carry an injured person
one who helps carry a stretcher (同)litter-bearer
pull in opposite directions; "During the Inquisition, the torturers would stretch their victims on a rack"
extend ones limbs or muscles, or the entire body; "Stretch your legs!"; "Extend your right arm above your head" (同)extend
an unbroken period of time during which you do something; "there were stretches of boredom"; "he did a stretch in the federal penitentiary" (同)stint
extend ones body or limbs; "Lets stretch for a minute--weve been sitting here for over 3 hours" (同)stretch out
become longer by being stretched and pulled; "The fabric stretches"
the capacity for being stretched (同)stretchiness, stretchability
exercise designed to extend the limbs and muscles to their full extent (同)stretching
a straightaway section of a racetrack
extension to or beyond the ordinary limit; "running at full stretch"; "by no stretch of the imagination"; "beyond any stretch of his understanding"
a large and unbroken expanse or distance; "a stretch of highway"; "a stretch of clear water"
occupy a large, elongated area; "The park stretched beneath the train line" (同)stretch along
lie down comfortably; "To enjoy the picnic, we stretched out on the grass" (同)stretch out
easily stretched; "stretch hosiery"
extend the scope or meaning of; often unduly; "Stretch the limits"; "stretch my patience"; "stretch the imagination"
having an elongated seating area; "a stretch limousine"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(病人などを運ぶ) / (一般に)伸ばす器具(カンバスを張る木枠,靴や手袋をぴんとさせる用具など)
担架を運ぶ人 = stretcher-bearer
〈手足・翼など〉‘を'『いっぱいに伸ばす(広げる)』《+out+名,+名+out》 / 〈手など〉‘を'差し出す《+out+名,+名+out》 / (一方から一方へ)〈なわなど)‘を'張る,渡す,〈じゅうたんなど〉‘を'敷く《+名+out, out+名》 / 〈神経など〉‘を'極度に緊張させる,ぎりぎりまで使う(働かせる) / 〈意味・法律など〉‘を'拡大解釈する,誇張する / (無理に)〈靴など〉‘を'広げる,長くする,引っ張る / 〈訪問など〉‘を'引き延ばす,長びかせる / 〈人が〉『長々と横になる』(寝べる)《+out》 / 〈人が〉手足をいっぱいに克ばす《+out》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》伸びている,広がっている / 〈ゴムなどが〉伸びる / 〈C〉(…の)(空間的な)『広がり』,伸び,範囲《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(時間的な)一続きの期間,長さ《+of+名》 / 〈C〉《単数形で》『伸ばす(伸びる)こと』 / 〈U〉弾力性,伸張力 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(競走路の,特に最後の)直線コース / 弾性を持つ材料でできた,ストレッチの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/29 10:02:54」(JST)

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EMTs using a stretcher in 2001.

A stretcher, litter, or pram^[1] is an apparatus used for moving patients who require medical care. A basic type (cot or litter) must be carried by two or more people. A wheeled stretcher (known as a gurney, trolley, bed or cart) is often equipped with variable height frames, wheels, tracks, or skids. In American English, a wheeled stretcher is referred to as a gurney. The name comes from a horse-drawn cab patented in the USA by J. Theodore Gurney in 1883 which bore a similarity to early wheeled stretchers.^{[citation needed]}

Stretchers are primarily used in acute out-of-hospital care situations by emergency medical services, military, and search and rescue personnel. They are also used to hold prisoners during lethal injections in the United States.^[2]

History

Illustration of chair stretcher, "On the Transport of sick and wounded troops", 1868.

Simple stretchers were common with militaries right through the middle of the 20th century.

Classification

A simple stretcher used by U.S. Marines in a training environment in December 2003.

U.S. Marines transport a non-ambulatory patient via litter, outside of Fallujah, Iraq in 2006

EMS stretchers used in ambulances have wheels that makes transportation over pavement easier, and have a lock inside the ambulance and seatbelts to secure the patient during transport. An integral lug on the gurney locks into a sprung latch within the ambulance in order to prevent movement during transport. Modern stretchers may also have battery-powered hydraulics to raise and collapse the legs automatically. This eases the workload on EMS personnel, who are statistically at high risk of back injury from repetitive raising and lowering of patients. Specialized bariatric stretchers are also available, which feature a wider frame and higher weight capacity for heavier patients. Stretchers are usually covered with a disposable sheet or wrapping, and are cleaned after each patient to prevent the spread of infection. Shelves, hooks and poles for medical equipment and intravenous medication are also frequently included.

Standard gurneys have several adjustments. The bed can be raised or lowered to facilitate patient transfer. The head of the gurney can be raised so that the patient is in a sitting position (especially important for those in respiratory distress) or lowered flat in order to perform CPR, or for patients with suspected spinal injury who must be transported on a long spine board. The feet can be raised to what is called the Trendelenburg position, indicated for patients in shock.

Some manufacturers have begun to offer hybrid devices that combine the functionality of a stretcher, a recliner chair, and a treatment or procedural table into one device.^[3]

Basic stretchers

Simple stretchers are the most rudimentary type. They are lightweight and portable, made of canvas or other synthetic material suspended between two poles or tubular aluminum frame. Many are stored as disaster supplies and are often former military equipment.

The folding stretcher, also known as a top deck or collapsible stretcher, is similar in design to the simple stretcher, but features one or more hinged points of articulation to allow the stretcher to be collapsed into a more compact form for easier handling or storage. Some models may even allow the patient to sit upright in a Fowler's or Semi-Fowler's position.

The scoop stretcher is used for lifting patients, for instance from the ground onto an ambulance stretcher or long board. The two ends of the stretcher can be detached from each other, splitting the stretcher into two longitudinal halves. To load a patient, one or both ends of the stretcher are detached, the halves placed under the patient from either side and fastened back together. With obese patients, the possibility exists of accidentally pinching the patient's back when closing the stretcher, so care must be made not to injure them when carrying out this procedure.

Scoop stretcher

The Stokes basket, also known as litter or rescue basket, is designed to be used where there are obstacles to movement or other hazards: for example, in confined spaces, on slopes, in wooded terrain. Typically it is shaped to accommodate an adult in a face up position and it is used in search and rescue operations. The person is strapped into the basket, making safe evacuation possible. The litter has raised sides and often includes a removable head/torso cover for patient protection. After the person is secured in the litter, the litter may be wheeled, carried by hand, mounted on an ATV, towed behind skis, snowmobile, or horse, lifted or lowered on high angle ropes, or hoisted by helicopter.

A reeves stretcher, reeves sleeve, SKED, or 'flexible stretcher' is a flexible stretcher that is often supported longitudinally by wooden or plastic planks. It is a kind of tarpaulin with handles. It is primarily used to move a patient through confined spaces (e.g. a narrow hallway), or to lift obese patients (reeves stretchers have 6 handholds, allowing multiple rescuers to assist extrication).

The WauK board is also designed for use in small spaces. The patient is secured to the board with straps. It has two wheels and a foldable footrest at one end, allowing the stretcher to be moved by one person. It can also be used at a variety of angles, making it easier to traverse obstacles such as tight stairwells. ^[4]

Wheeled stretchers

For ambulances, a collapsible wheeled stretcher, or gurney, is a type of stretcher on a variable-height wheeled frame. Normally, an integral lug on the gurney locks into a sprung latch within the ambulance in order to prevent movement during transport. It is usually covered with a disposable sheet and cleaned after each patient in order to prevent the spread of infection. Its key value is to facilitate moving the patient and sheet onto a fixed bed or table on arrival at the emergency room. Both types may have straps to secure the patient.

Other types of stretchers

The Nimier stretcher (brancard Nimier) was a type of stretcher used by the French army during World War I. The casualty was placed on his back, but in a "seated position", (that is, the thighs were perpendicular to the abdomen). Thus, the stretcher was shorter and could turn in the trenches. This type of stretcher is rarely seen today.

References

^ "Stretcher". New American Roget's College Thesaurus in Dictionary Form.
^ "A Brief History of Lethal Injection". TIME.com. 10 November 2009.
^ "Stretcher Chairs and Medical Supplies". transmotionmedical.com.
^ "http://www.waukboard.com".

External links

Spencer - Manufacturer of stretchers
Stryker - Manufacturer of stretchers
Ferno - Manufacturer of EMS stretchers
Howard Wright Cares - Manufacturer of stretchers
WauK board - Manufacturer of stretchers
Less Emergency Equipment - Manufacturer of stretchers

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Straightforward 3D hydrodynamic focusing in femtosecond laser fabricated microfluidic channels.

Paiè P1, Bragheri F, Vazquez RM, Osellame R.
Lab on a chip.Lab Chip.2014 Jun 7;14(11):1826-33. doi: 10.1039/c4lc00133h. Epub 2014 Apr 17.
We report on the use of femtosecond laser irradiation followed by chemical etching as a microfabrication tool for innovative microfluidic networks that implement hydrodynamic focusing. The capability of our microfabrication technology to interconnect microchannels in three dimensions was exploited t
PMID 24740611

The CLOQS trial protocol: a cluster-randomized trial evaluating a simple, low-cost intervention to reduce treatment times in acute stroke.

Swartz RH1, Sicard MN, Silver FL, Saposnik G, Gladstone DJ, Breaton J, Ramagnano S, Lee J, Aviv RI, Fang J, Zwarenstein MF; University of Toronto Stroke Program Investigators.
International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society.Int J Stroke.2014 Jun;9(4):525-8. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12066. Epub 2013 Sep 5.
RATIONALE: In acute stroke, time is brain: faster tissue plasminogen activator treatment improves patient outcomes. Published guidelines for door-to-scanner time are <25 minutes, and for door-to-needle time <60 minutes. These benchmarks are rarely met. Paradoxically, the earlier a stroke patie
PMID 24015889

Effect of mattress and bed frame deflection on real chest compression depth measured with two CPR sensors.

Sainio M1, Hellevuo H2, Huhtala H3, Hoppu S4, Eilevstjønn J5, Tenhunen J6, Olkkola KT7.
Resuscitation.Resuscitation.2014 Jun;85(6):840-3. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.03.009. Epub 2014 Mar 19.
AIM: Implementation of chest compression (CC) feedback devices with a single force and deflection sensor (FDS) may improve the quality of CPR. However, CC depth may be overestimated if the patient is on a compliant surface. We have measured the true CC depth during in-hospital CPR using two FDSs on
PMID 24657249

Measuring mechanical properties in cells: Three easy methods for biologists.

Bonakdar N1, Schilling A, Lennert P, Spörrer M, Gerum R, Alonso JL, Goldmann WH.
Cell biology international.Cell Biol Int.2014 May 7. doi: 10.1002/cbin.10303. [Epub ahead of print]
The mechanism by which cells sense stresses and transmit them throughout the cytoplasm and the cytoskeleton (CSK) and by which these mechanical signals are converted to biochemical signaling responses is not clear. Specifically, there is little direct experimental evidence on how intracellular CSK s
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Japanese Journal

異なる避難支援者属性による車椅子と担架を用いた階段上昇避難の比較

李知香,北後明彦,西野智研
日本建築学会計画系論文集 78(693), 2267-2272, 2013-11
NAID 40019853140

㈱交通建設連接軌道敷設安全・効率化に向けて : レールストレッチャー:Rail-Stretcherの開発 (日本鉄道施設協会主催・第1回鉄道施設技術発表会)

藤野祐亮
新線路 67(10), 19-22,3, 2013-10
NAID 40019829143

On the Chirp of Narrowband Terahertz Pulses Generated by Photomixing with Nonlinearly Chirped Laser Pulse Pairs

Kamada Shohei,Murata Shuhei,Aoki Takao
Applied Physics Express 6(3), 032701-032701-3, 2013-03-25
… The direct relationship between the dispersion of the pump pulse stretcher and the chirp of the terahertz pulse is shown. …
NAID 150000106404

病院向け「寝台用大型エレベーター」の開発について

甲川友佳子
エレベータ界 47(188), 14-16, 2012-10
NAID 40019463095

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