関: stapedius muscle

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/02 09:33:41」(JST)

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The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes.

Structure[edit]

The stapedius emerges from a pinpoint foramen in the apex of the pyramidal eminence (a hollow, cone-shaped prominence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity), and inserts into the neck of the stapes. ^[1] ^:863

Innervation[edit]

The stapedius is innervated by the nerve to stapedius, a branch of the facial nerve. ^[1]^:863

Function[edit]

The stapedius dampens the vibrations of the stapes by pulling on the neck of that bone. ^[1] ^:863 It prevents excess movement of the stapes, helping to control the amplitude of sound waves from the general external environment to the inner ear. The stapedius muscle dampens the ability of the stapes vibration and protects the inner ear from high noise levels, primarily the volume of your own voice.

Clinical relevance[edit]

Paralysis of the stapedius, such as in injury to the facial nerve (CN VII) distal to the geniculate ganglion prior to its branch to stapedius muscle (which would also cause Bell's Palsy), allows wider oscillation of the stapes, resulting in heightened reaction of the auditory ossicles to sound vibration. This condition, known as hyperacusis, causes normal sounds to be perceived as very loud.

Evolutionary variation[edit]

Main article: Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles

Like the stapes bone to which it attaches, the stapedius muscle shares evolutionary history with other vertebrate structures.

The mammalian stapedius evolved from a muscle called the depressor mandibulae in other tetrapods, the function of which was to open the jaws (this function was taken over by the digastric muscle in mammals). The depressor mandibulae arose from the levator operculi in bony fish, and is equivalent to the epihyoidean in sharks. Like the stapedius, all of these muscles derive from the hyoid arch and are innervated by cranial nerve VII.^[2]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57. ISBN 0-697-21991-7.

External links[edit]

409665614 at GPnotebook
Origin, insertion and nerve supply of the muscle at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
Stapedius+muscle at eMedicine Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における聴覚障害：評価 hearing impairment in children evaluation
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3. 小児における顔面神経麻痺 facial nerve palsy in children
4. ミオクローヌスの治療 treatment of myoclonus
5. 耳鳴の病因および診断 etiology and diagnosis of tinnitus

English Journal

High-fidelity, inexpensive surgical middle ear simulator.

Monfared A, Mitteramskogler G, Gruber S, Salisbury JK Jr, Stampfl J, Blevins NH.Source*George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; †Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria; and ‡Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology.Otol Neurotol.2012 Dec;33(9):1573-7. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31826dbca5.
HYPOTHESIS: A high-fidelity, inexpensive middle ear simulator could be created to enhance surgical training that would be rated as having high face validity by experts.BACKGROUND: With rapid prototyping using additive manufacturing technology (AMT), one can create high-resolution 3-dimensional repli
PMID 23047262

Tensor Tympani Motoneurons Receive Mostly Excitatory Synaptic Inputs.

Benson TE, Lee DJ, Brown MC.SourceEaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, Massachusetts. Thane_Benson@meei.harvard.edu.
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007).Anat Rec (Hoboken).2012 Nov 15. doi: 10.1002/ar.22620. [Epub ahead of print]
The tensor tympani is a middle ear muscle that contracts in two different situations: in response to sound or during voluntary movements. To gain insight into the inputs and neural regulation of the tensor tympani, we examined the ultrastructure of synaptic terminals on labeled tensor tympani motone
PMID 23165747

Japanese Journal

機能性難聴に対するアブミ骨筋反射検査

窪田俊憲,渡辺知緒,伊藤吏 [他],千葉寛之,青柳優
耳鼻咽喉科臨床. 補冊 = Practica otologica. Suppl. (130), 26-30, 2011-03-01
NAID 10027794328

アブミ骨筋の生理と機能

川瀬哲明
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 102(7), 505-513, 2009-07-01
… The stapedius muscle constitutes one of the efferent feedback pathways to the auditory periphery, which can be elicited by sound in either ear. … Contraction of the stapedius muscle causes attenuation of the low frequency component of the input signal by increasing the stiffness of the ossicular chain. … In the present paper, possible functional roles of the stapedius muscle are discussed based on the physiological properties of the acoustic reflex of this muscle. …
NAID 10025096507

耳小骨機能模型の製作

里田隆博,下江宰司,牧平清超 [他],玉本光弘,松本厚枝,原久美子,野宗万喜,仁井谷善恵,杉山勝,竹本俊伸,村山長,天野秀昭,二川浩樹
解剖學雜誌 84(2), 41-46, 2009-06-01
NAID 10025686059

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アブミ骨筋」「あぶみ骨筋」

「アブミ骨筋」

Stapedius
	The medial wall and part of the posterior and anterior walls of the right tympanic cavity, lateral view.
	Malleus Tensor Tympani Incus Stapedius Labyrinth Stapes Auditory Canal Tympanic Membrane; (Ear Drum) Eustachian Tube Tympanic cavity
	Bones and muscles in the tympanic cavity in the middle ear
Latin	Musculus stapedius
Gray's	p.1046
Origin	Walls of pyramidal eminence
Insertion	Neck of stapes
Artery	Stapedial branch of posterior auricular artery
Nerve	Facial nerve (nerve to stapedius)
Actions	Control the amplitude of sound waves to the inner ear

　　[★]

英: stapedius (K), stapedius muscle
ラ: musculus stapedius
関: 顔面神経、耳小骨、アブミ骨筋反射、鼓膜張筋

起始

鼓室後壁の錐体隆起

停止

アブミ骨骨頭

神経

顔面神経

機能

伝音効率をさげる。

発生

第二鰓弓

臨床関連

アブミ骨筋麻痺 (M.537)

聴覚過敏

アブミ骨筋反射検査

「あぶみ骨筋」

　　[★]

英: stapedius、stapedius muscle
関: アブミ骨筋

[GRAYS2005-1] Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[kardong-2] Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57. ISBN 0-697-21991-7.

Stapedius

The medial wall and part of the posterior and anterior walls of the right tympanic cavity, lateral view.
Malleus Tensor Tympani Incus Stapedius Labyrinth Stapes Auditory Canal Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum) Eustachian Tube Tympanic cavity
Bones and muscles in the tympanic cavity in the middle ear
Latin	Musculus stapedius
Gray's	p.1046
Origin	Walls of pyramidal eminence
Insertion	Neck of stapes
Artery	Stapedial branch of posterior auricular artery
Nerve	Facial nerve (nerve to stapedius)
Actions	Control the amplitude of sound waves to the inner ear

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案内

stapedius