同: 脊髄神経節

WordNet

work natural fibers into a thread; "spin silk"
prolong or extend; "spin out a visit" (同)spin out
the act of rotating rapidly; "he gave the crank a spin"; "it broke off after much twisting" (同)twirl, twist, twisting, whirl
a distinctive interpretation (especially as used by politicians to sway public opinion); "the campaign put a favorable spin on the story"
a short drive in a car; "he took the new car for a spin"
a swift whirling motion (usually of a missile)
revolve quickly and repeatedly around ones own axis; "The dervishes whirl around and around without getting dizzy" (同)spin around, whirl, reel, gyrate
form a web by making a thread; "spiders spin a fine web"
make up a story; "spin a yarn"
stream in jets, of liquids; "The creek spun its course through the woods"
twist and turn so as to give an intended interpretation; "The Presidents spokesmen had to spin the story to make it less embarrassing"
an encapsulated neural structure consisting of a collection of cell bodies or neurons
of or relating to the spine or spinal cord; "spinal cord"; "spinal injury"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(羊毛などから)〈糸など〉‘を'『紡ぐ』《+『名』+『out of』+『名』〈羊毛〉》,(糸などに)〈羊毛など〉‘を'紡ぐ《+『名』〈羊毛〉+『into』+『名』》 / 〈クモ・カイコなどが〉〈糸〉‘を'『吐く』;〈巣・繭〉‘を'かける / …‘を'くるくる回す / 〈物語など〉‘を'作る,話す / 『糸を紡ぐ』;〈クモ・カイコなどが〉糸を吐く / 〈こまなどが〉くるくる回る / 〈車などが〉疾走する / 〈頭などが〉くらくらする / 〈C〉〈U〉くるくる回すこと;回転 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(車などの)一走り / 〈C〉(飛行機の)きりもみ降下 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(価値などの)急落
神経節・ガングリオン，結節腫《主に手首にできる良性の嚢腫(のうしゆ)》・〔知的･産業的活動の〕中心，中枢〔of〕
背骨の / せき髄麻酔

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/08 22:01:33」(JST)

wiki en

A posterior root ganglion (or spinal ganglion) (also known as a dorsal root ganglion), is a cluster of nerve cell bodies (a ganglion) in a posterior root of a spinal nerve.

Structure

The axons of posterior root ganglion neurons are known as afferents. In the peripheral nervous system, afferents refer to the axons that relay sensory information into the central nervous system (i.e. the brain and the spinal cord). These neurons are of the pseudo-unipolar type, meaning they have an axon with two branches that act as a single axon, often referred to as a distal process and a proximal process.

Note: the neuron can consist of three parts:

1. Dendrite that receives the information and relays it to the Soma, or cell body.
2. Soma - the cell body of the neuron
3. Axon: which relays information from the soma.

In a neuron, the dendrite receives information from another neuron's axon at the synapse, and the axon sends information to the next neuron's dendrites, even though the dendrite may be covered with myelin.

Unlike the majority of neurons found in the central nervous system, an action potential in posterior root ganglion neuron may initiate in the distal process in the periphery, bypass the cell body, and continue to propagate along the proximal process until reaching the synaptic terminal in the posterior horn of spinal cord.

Distal section

The distal section of the axon may either be a bare nerve ending or encapsulated by a structure that helps relay specific information to nerve. For example, a Meissner's corpuscle or Pacinian corpuscle may encapsulate the nerve ending, rendering the distal process sensitive to mechanical stimulation, such as stroking or vibration, respectively.^[1]

Location

The posterior root ganglia lie along the vertebral column by the spine.

Development

The posterior root ganglia develops in the embryo from neural crest cells, not neural tube. Hence, the spinal ganglia can be regarded as gray matter of the spinal cord that became translocated to the periphery.

Function

Nociception

Proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors are expressed by DRG sensory neurons and might play a role in acid-induced nociception.^[2]

Mechanosensitive channels

The nerve endings of posterior root ganglion neurons have a variety of sensory receptors that are activated by mechanical, thermal, chemical, and noxious stimuli.^[3] In these sensory neurons, a group of ion channels thought to be responsible for somatosensory transduction have been identified. Compression of the dorsal root ganglion by a mechanical stimulus lowers the voltage threshold needed to evoke a response and causes action potentials to be fired.^[4] This firing may even persist after the removal of the stimulus.^[4]

Two distinct types of mechanosensitive ion channels have been found in the posterior root ganglion neurons. The two channels are broadly classified as either high-threshold (HT) or low threshold (LT) .^[3] As their names suggest, they have different thresholds as well as different sensitivities to pressure. These are cationic channels whose activity appears to be regulated by the proper functioning of the cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton associated proteins.^[3] The presence of these channels in the posterior root ganglion gives reason to believe that other sensory neurons may contain them as well.

High-threshold mechanosensitive channels

High-threshold channels have a possible role in nociception. These channels are found predominantly in smaller sensory neurons in the posterior root ganglion cells and are activated by higher pressures, two attributes that are characteristic of nociceptors.^[3] Also, the threshold of HT channels was lowered in the presence of PGE2 (a compound that sensitizes neurons to mechanical stimuli and mechanical hyperalgesia) which further supports a role for HT channels in the transduction of mechanical stimuli into nociceptive neuronal signals.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Presynaptic control

The presynaptic regulation of the dorsal nerve ending discharge in the spinal cord can occur through certain types of GABA_A receptors but not through the activation of glycine receptors which are absent from these types of terminals. Thus GABA_A receptors but not glycine receptors can presynaptically control nociception and pain transmission. ^[6]

References

^ Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., p.431-433. McGraw-Hill, New York (2000). ISBN 0-8385-7701-6
^ Huang CW, Tzeng JN, Chen YJ, Tsai WF, Chen CC, Sun WH (2007). "Nociceptors of dorsal root ganglion express proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 36 (2): 195–210. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2007.06.010. PMID 17720533.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cho, H.; Shin, J.; Shin, C. Y.; Lee, S. Y.; Oh, U. (2002). "Mechanosensitive ion channels in cultured sensory neurons of neonatal rats". The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 22 (4): 1238–1247. PMID 11850451. edit
^ ^a ^b ^c Sugawara, O.; Atsuta, Y.; Iwahara, T.; Muramoto, T.; Watakabe, M.; Takemitsu, Y. (1996). "The effects of mechanical compression and hypoxia on nerve root and dorsal root ganglia. An analysis of ectopic firing using an in vitro model". Spine 21 (18): 2089–2094. doi:10.1097/00007632-199609150-00006. PMID 8893432. edit
^ Syriatowicz, J. P.; Hu, D.; Walker, J. S.; Tracey, D. J. (1999). "Hyperalgesia due to nerve injury: Role of prostaglandins". Neuroscience 94 (2): 587–594. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00365-6. PMID 10579219. edit
^ Lorenzo LE, Godin AG, Wang F, St-Louis M, Carbonetto S, Wiseman PW, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, De Koninck Y (June 2014). "Gephyrin Clusters Are Absent from Small Diameter Primary Afferent Terminals Despite the Presence of GABA_A Receptors". J. Neurosci. 34 (24): 8300–17. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0159-14.2014. PMID 24920633.

Additional images

Medulla spinalis
The formation of the spinal nerve from the posterior and anterior roots |
Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve.

External links

Anatomy figure: 02:04-09 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Histology image: 04401loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Photo of model at Ohio State University
Diagram at webanatomy.net
Photo at uwlax.edu

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 脊髄障害の解剖学および局在性 anatomy and localization of spinal cord disorders
2. 脊髄に影響を与える疾患 disorders affecting the spinal cord
3. ガングリオンと結節 ganglia and nodules
4. 若年アスリートにおける頚髄および頚部末梢神経損傷の概要 overview of cervical spinal cord and cervical peripheral nerve injuries in the young athlete
5. 脊髄および後根神経節に影響を与える腫瘍随伴性症候群 paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia

English Journal

Heterozygous mice deficient in Atp1a3 exhibit motor deficits by chronic restraint stress.

Sugimoto H1, Ikeda K2, Kawakami K3.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Oct 1;272:100-10. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.048. Epub 2014 Jun 29.
Dystonia is a neurological disorder with involuntary and simultaneous contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism (RDP), one of the heredity forms of dystonia, is caused by mutations of Na,K-ATPase α3 subunit gene (ATP1A3). The abrupt onset of bulbar and limb s
PMID 24983657

Continuous stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus at 40Hz affects preparative and executive control in a delayed sensorimotor task and reduces rotational movements induced by apomorphine in the 6-OHDA parkinsonian rat.

Capozzo A1, Vitale F1, Mattei C1, Mazzone P2, Scarnati E3.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Sep 1;271:333-42. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.033. Epub 2014 Jun 21.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) relays basal ganglia signals to the thalamus, lower brainstem and spinal cord. Using the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of parkinsonism, we investigated whether deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the PPTg (40Hz, 60μs, 200-400μA) may influence the pr
PMID 24959863

Multiple layer 5 pyramidal cell subtypes relay cortical feedback from secondary to primary motor areas in rats.

Ueta Y1, Otsuka T2, Morishima M2, Ushimaru M1, Kawaguchi Y2.
Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991).Cereb Cortex.2014 Sep;24(9):2362-76. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht088. Epub 2013 Apr 3.
Higher-order motor cortices, such as the secondary motor area (M2) in rodents, select future action patterns and transmit them to the primary motor cortex (M1). To better understand motor processing, we characterized "top-down" and "bottom-up" connectivities between M1 and M2 in the rat cortex. Soma
PMID 23551921

Japanese Journal

Potential Involvement of μ-Opioid Receptor Dysregulation on the Reduced Antinociception of Morphine in the Inflammatory Pain State in Mice

Aoki Yuta,Mizoguchi Hirokazu,Watanabe Chizuko,Takeda Kumiko,Sakurada Tsukasa,Sakurada Shinobu
Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 124(2), 258-266, 2014
… The expression level of mRNA for μ-opioid receptors at 1 day after the CFA pretreatment was reduced bilaterally in the lumbar spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG). … In contrast, the protein level of μ-opioid receptors at 1 day after CFA pretreatment was decreased in the ipsilateral side in the DRG but not the lumbar spinal cord. …
NAID 130003391472

The anti-overactive bladder activity of KW-7158 is mediated by blocking equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1

Nishiya Yoichi,Yamagata Tsuyoshi,Fukuda Ayumu [他],Yokokawa Sachiko,Seishi Takashi,Sakuma Takashi,Sasho Setsuya,Shimizu Yukiko,Sato Hidetaka,Sekine Susumu,Kamigaki Masayo,Yoshida Tetsuo,Shibata Kenji
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 130-136, 2014
… 7,000 genes was expressed in a dorsal root ganglion cell line, which we had previously generated, and subjected to screening for binding with a fluorescent derivative that retains high binding activity to the target. … To further demonstrate the pharmacological relevance, we evaluated other known ENT1 inhibitors (nitrobenzylthioinosine, dipyridamole, draflazine) in an in vitro bladder strip contraction assay and the rat spinal cord injury OAB model. …
NAID 130003382115

Compound action potentials generated by near infrared laser irradiation recorded at the round window

MATSUI Suguru,MORIMOTO Takeshi,BOKU Shokei [他]
聴覚研究会資料 = Proceedings of the auditory research meeting 43(8), 621-624, 2013-11-28
NAID 40019903493

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「脊髄神経節」「spinal ganglia」
関連記事	「spinal」「spin」

「脊髄神経節」

Posterior root ganglion
	A posterior root ganglion (DRG) from a chicken embryo (around stage of day 7) after incubation overnight in NGF growth medium stained with anti-neurofilament antibody. Axons growing out of the ganglion are visible.
	A spinal nerve with its anterior and posterior roots. The posterior root ganglion is the "spinal ganglion", following the posterior root.
Details
Latin	ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis
Precursor	neural crest
Identifiers
Gray's	p.750
MeSH	A08.340.390.340
Dorlands; /Elsevier	g_02/12384883
TA	A14.2.00.006
FMA	5888
	Anatomical terminology