歌、囀り

WordNet

a very small sum; "he bought it for a song"
the act of singing; "with a shout and a song they marched up to the gates" (同)strain
a short musical composition with words; "a successful musical must have at least three good songs" (同)vocal
a distinctive or characteristic sound; "the song of bullets was in the air"; "the song of the wind"; "the wheels sang their song as the train rocketed ahead"
a liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church (同)plainchant, Gregorian_chant
a song about love or expressing love for another person (同)love-song
a melody that recurs and comes to represent a musical play or movie
small songbird common in North America (同)Melospiza melodia
religious music for singing
to a very great extent or degree; "the idea is so obvious"; "never been so happy"; "I love you so"; "my head aches so!"
(usually followed by `that'
in a manner that facilitates; "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior"; "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat"
in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied; "Theyre happy and I hope they will remain so"; "so live your life that old age will bring no regrets"
in the same way; also; "I was offended and so was he"; "worked hard and so did she"
to a certain unspecified extent or degree; "I can only go so far with this student"; "can do only so much in a day"
a male human offspring; "their son became a famous judge"; "his boy is taller than he is" (同)boy

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『歌』,『歌曲』,唱歌 / 〈C〉〈U〉(歌うための)詩,詩歌 / 〈U〉歌うこと / 〈U〉〈C〉(鳥・小川などの)『歌うような声』(『音』)
=Gregorian chant / (またplainchant)(中世の)無伴奏教会聖歌
《様態の指示》『そういうふうに』,『そのように』・《補語に用いて》『そのようで』,そうで・《程度》『それほど』,そんなに・《強意として》《話》『非常に』,『とても』,たいへん・《前に述べたことの内容に対する同意を表して;「so+主語+[助]動詞」》『その通りで』,『本当に』,確かに,おっしゃるとおり・《肯定文を受けて;「so+[助]動詞+主語」の語順で》…『もまた』,『も同様に』・《as~, so…で》~と同じように…,(~のように)そのように・《目的を表して》…『するように』・《理由・結果を表して》『その結果』,それで・《文・節の頭に用いて》『それで』,だから・《驚き・賛成・嫌悪・疑いなどを表して》そうか,そうなんだ,どうかな,まさか・それでよし
=sol
『息子』・《複数形で》(男子の)子孫・《文》《比喩(ひゆ)的に》(場所・主義などの)子,後継者・《年長者が年少者に呼び掛けて》・お前さん・《the S-》イエスキリスト

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/08 07:37:22」(JST)

A song is an artistic form of expression based on sound, generally considered a single (and often standalone) work of music with distinct and fixed pitches, pattern, and form. Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If poetry, a pre-existing poem, is set to composed music, that is an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Chants may be slightly or highly ornamented. Songs may be sung by one singer or more than one, by a singer with background singers who accompany with minor parts, or by a group. Songs composed for personal use, for casual group activities, in simple style, are referred to as folk songs. Songs that are composed for professional entertainers are called popular songs, in that they do not require an education to necessarily appreciate, and that they have broad appeal to many people. These songs are composed with the intent to earn money by professional composers and lyricists. Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert performance. Songs may also appear in plays, musical plays, stage shows of any form, and within operas. A song may be for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices, although the term is generally not used for large vocal forms including opera and oratorio.^[1] Songs with more than one voice to a part are considered choral works. Songs can be broadly divided into many different forms, depending on the criteria used. One division is between "art songs", "pop songs", and "folk songs". Other common methods of classification are by purpose (sacred vs secular), by style (dance, ballad, Lied, etc.), or by time of origin (Renaissance, Contemporary, etc.).

Cultural types

Art songs

Art songs are songs created for performance by classical artists, usually with accompaniment, although they can be sung solo. Art songs require strong vocal technique, understanding of language, diction and poetry for interpretation. Though such singers may also perform popular or folk songs on their programs, these characteristics and the use of poetry are what distinguish art songs from popular songs. Art songs are a tradition from most European countries, and now other countries with classical music traditions. German-speaking communities use the term art song ("Kunstlied") to distinguish so-called "serious" compositions from folk song ("Volkslied"). The lyrics are often written by a poet or lyricist and the music separately by a composer. Art songs may be more formally complicated than popular or folk songs, though many early Lieder by the likes of Franz Schubert are in simple strophic form. The accompaniment of European art songs is considered as an important part of the composition. Some art songs are so revered that they take on characteristics of national identification.

Art songs emerge from the tradition of singing love songs of someone present or someone ideal or imaginary. They also come from religious songs. The troubadours and bards of Europe began the documented tradition of romantic songs, continued by the Elizabethan lutenists. Some of the earliest art songs are found in the music of Henry Purcell. The tradition of the romance, a love song with a flowing accompaniment, often in triple meter, entered opera in the 19th century, and spread from there throughout Europe. It spread into popular song and became one of the underpinnings of Popular Songs. While a romance generally has a simple accompaniment, art songs tend to have complicated, sophisticated accompaniments that underpin, embellish, illustrate or provide contrast to the voice. Sometimes it is the accompaniment that has the melody, while the voice sings a more dramatic part.

Folk songs

Folk songs are songs of often anonymous origin (or are public domain) that are transmitted orally. They are frequently a major aspect of national or cultural identity. Art songs often approach the status of folk songs when people forget who the author was. Folk songs are also frequently transmitted non-orally (that is, as sheet music), especially in the modern era. Folk songs exist in almost every culture. Popular songs may eventually become folk songs by the same process of detachment from its source. Folk songs are more-or-less in the public domain by definition, though there are many folk song entertainers who publish and record copyrighted original material. This tradition led also to the singer-songwriter style of performing, where an artist has written confessional poetry or personal statements and sings them set to music, most often a guitar.

Genres of popular songs are many, including torch songs, ballads, novelty songs, anthems, rock songs, blues, soul, and other commercial genres. Folk songs include ballads, lullabyes, plaints, love songs, mourning songs, dance songs, work songs, ritual songs, and many more.

References

^ Luise Eitel Peake. 1980. "Song". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, sixth edition, 20 vols., edited by Stanley Sadie, Vol. 17: 510-523. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Modelling effects of public health educational campaigns on drinking dynamics.

Xiang H1, Song NN1, Huo HF1.
Journal of biological dynamics.J Biol Dyn.2016 Dec;10(1):164-78. doi: 10.1080/17513758.2015.1115562.
This paper deals with the global property of a drinking model with public health educational campaigns. With the help of Lyapunov function, global stability of equilibria of the model is derived. The alcohol-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and the alcohol problems are eliminated f
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Supportless electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer modified nanoporous microrod for determination of dopamine at trace level.

Li Y1, Song H2, Zhang L2, Zuo P3, Ye BC4, Yao J5, Chen W6.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 Apr 15;78:308-14. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.063. Epub 2015 Nov 23.
In this work, we developed a novel freestanding metallic microrod as working electrode for highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of trace dopamine (DA). The electrode was facilely fabricated via first dealloying smooth Au-Ag alloy microrod (AMR) into nanoporous Au-Ag alloy microro
PMID 26630285

Residue determination of glufosinate in plant origin foods using modified Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) method and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.

Han Y1, Song L1, Zhao P1, Li Y1, Zou N1, Qin Y1, Li X2, Pan C3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 15;197(Pt A):730-6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.021. Epub 2015 Nov 5.
A sensitive and specific method for the determination of glufosinate in plant origin foods was developed. The method involves extraction using modified QuPPe method, clean-up by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) and detection with l
PMID 26617010

Highly sensitive and simultaneous detection of melamine and aflatoxin M1 in milk products by multiplexed planar waveguide fluorescence immunosensor (MPWFI).

Guo H1, Zhou X1, Zhang Y2, Song B1, Zhang J2, Shi H3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 15;197(Pt A):359-66. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.109. Epub 2015 Aug 28.
Mycotoxins and industrial chemicals, such as aflatoxin M1 and melamine, now commonly exist in milk and cause potential health risks. This study presents an indirect competitive immunoassay through multiplex planar waveguide fluorescence immunosensor (MPWFI) for rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous det
PMID 26616961

Japanese Journal

Predicting Protein-RNA Residue-base Contacts Using Two-dimensional Conditional Random Field

Morihiro Hayashida,Mayumi Kamada,Jiangning Song,Tatsuya Akutsu
情報処理学会研究報告. BIO, バイオ情報学 2012-BIO-30(4), 1-6, 2012-08-02
It is important to understand interactions between proteins and RNAs for uncovering networks and functions of molecules in cellular systems. Many researchers have studied for analyzing and investigati …
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Methionine Sulfoxide Stimulates Hepatocarcinogenesis in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Mouse : Possible Role of Free Radical-mediated DNA Methylation

Kawai Kazuaki,Li Yun-Shan,Song Ming-Fen [他]
Genes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society 34(3), 123-128, 2012-08
NAID 40019379669