出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/18 10:48:09」(JST)
| この項目では、メディアプレーヤーについて説明しています。KOKIAの音楽アルバムについては「songbird (KOKIAのアルバム)」を、英語教材については「ソングバード」をご覧ください。 |
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Songbird 2.0.0の画面
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| 開発元 | Pioneers of the Inevitable |
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| 最新版 | 2.2.0 - 2013年2月4日（3年前） （2013-02-04）[±] |
| 対応OS | Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris |
| サポート状況 | 終了 |
| 種別 | メディアプレーヤー |
| ライセンス | GPL |
| テンプレートを表示 | |
Songbird（ソングバード）は、MozillaやFirefoxのHTMLレンダリングエンジンGeckoを採用し、XULRunnerプラットフォームに基づいて構築されたクロスプラットフォームで動作するメディアプレーヤー。Songbirdはウェブブラウザの機能も持つ。iTunesのライバルを目指し、GPLライセンスのフリーソフトウェア、オープンソースで開発が続けられている。
2010年4月2日、Songbird開発者ブログにてLinux版のサポート中止を発表し[1]大きな波紋を広げたが、4月5日付けの追記では、Linux版のリリースと積極的な機能追加はないが、Linux版ソースコードを維持することや自動ビルド[2]、開発者によるバイナリ配布[3]などは中止しないことなどが改めて発表された。一方で、4月6日には、Linux対応を謳ってSongbirdからフォークした Nightingaleプロジェクト[4]も発足している。
2013年6月14日、Songbirdは6月28日までにすべての活動を停止し、閉鎖されることが発表された。事業の継続のために必要な資金を調達することが不可能であったことが理由とされる[5]。
WebブラウザのFirefoxと同じように、アドオンをインストールすることでユーザーは機能を拡張することができる。
Songbirdではメディアプレーヤーによくあるスキン機能のことをフェザーと呼び、ユーザーは好みに応じて様々なフェザーを選択して利用することができる。ユーザーはCSSなどを利用してフェザーを開発することもできる。
| 色 | 意味 |
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| 赤 | 過去のリリース |
| 緑 | 現在のリリース |
| 青 | 将来のリリース |
| バージョン | リリース日 | コードネーム | 主な変更点 | Gecko |
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| 0.1 | 2006年2月6日 | Hilda | 1.8 | |
| 0.1.1 | 2006年2月22日 |
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| 0.2 | 2006年10月17日 |
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| 0.2.5 | 2007年2月28日 |
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| 0.3 | 2007年10月30日 | Bowie |
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1.9 |
| 0.3.1 | 2007年11月6日 |
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| 0.4 | 2007年12月27日 | Cher |
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| 0.5 | 2008年3月25日 | Dokken |
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| 0.6 | 2008年6月13日 | Eno |
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| 0.6.1 | 2008年6月24日 |
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| 0.7.0 | 2008年8月20日 | Fugazi |
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| 1.0.0 | 2008年12月2日 | Genesis |
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| 1.1.1 | 2009年3月10日 | Hendrix |
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| 1.1.2 | 2009年4月9日 | Hootie |
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| 1.2.0 | 2009年6月18日 | Isan |
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| 1.4.0 | 2009年10月19日 | Kanye |
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| 1.4.1 | 2009年12月21日 | |||
| 1.4.3 | 2009年12月23日 | KoЯn |
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| 1.7.2 | 2010年6月3日 | NOFX |
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| 1.7.3 | 2010年6月10日 | |||
| 1.8.0 | 2010年9月2日 | Orbital |
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| 1.9.3 | 2011年2月9日 | Pink Floyd |
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| 1.10.1 | 2011年11月1日 | Qbert |
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| 1.10.2 | 2012年1月25日 |
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| 1.10.3 | 2012年5月22日 | |||
| 2.0.0 | 2012年6月8日 |
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| Songbirds Temporal range: Early Eocene to present |
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| Eastern yellow robin (Eopsaltria australis) | |
| Song of a chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Suborder: | Passeri |
| Families | |
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Many, see text |
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| Synonyms | |
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Oscines |
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A songbird is a bird belonging to the clade Passeri of the perching birds (Passeriformes). Another name that is sometimes seen as a scientific or vernacular name is Oscines, from Latin oscen, "a songbird". This group contains some 4,000 species found all over the world, in which the vocal organ typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate bird song.
Songbirds form one of the two major lineages of extant perching birds, the other being the Tyranni which are most diverse in the Neotropics and absent from many parts of the world. These have a simpler syrinx musculature, and while their vocalizations are often just as complex and striking as those of songbirds, they are altogether more mechanical sounding. There is a third perching bird lineage, the Acanthisitti from New Zealand, of which only two species remain alive today.[1]
There is evidence to suggest that songbirds evolved 50 million years ago in the part of Gondwana that later became Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and Antarctica, before spreading around the world.[2]
The song in this clade is essentially territorial in that it communicates the identity and whereabouts of an individual to other birds and also signals sexual intentions. Sexual selection among songbirds is highly based on mimetic vocalization. Female preference has shown in some populations to be based on the extent of a male's song repertoire. The larger a male's repertoire, the more females a male individual attracts.[3] It is not to be confused with bird calls which are used for alarms and contact and are especially important in birds that feed or migrate in flocks. While almost all living birds give calls of some sort, well-developed songs are only given by a few lineages outside the songbirds.
Other birds (especially non-passeriforms) sometimes have songs to attract mates or hold territory, but these are usually simple and repetitive, lacking the variety of many oscine songs. The monotonous repetition of the common cuckoo or little crake can be contrasted with the variety of a nightingale or marsh warbler. On the other hand, although many songbirds have songs which are pleasant to the human ear, this is not invariably the case. Many members of the crow family (Corvidae) communicate with croaks or screeches which sound harsh to humans. Even these, however, have a song of sorts, a softer twitter which is given between courting partners. And even though some parrots (which are not songbirds) can be taught to repeat human speech, vocal mimicry among birds is almost completely restricted to songbirds, some of which (such as the lyrebirds or the aptly-named mockingbirds) excel in imitating the sounds of other birds or even environmental noises.
Sexual selection can be broken down into several different studies regarding different aspects of a bird’s song. As a result, song can vary even within a single species. Many believe that song repertoire and cognition have a direct relationship. However, a study published in 2013 has shown that all cognitive ability may not be directly related to the song repertoire of a songbird. Specifically, spatial learning is said to have an inverse relationship with song repertoire. So for example, this would be an individual who does not migrate as far as others in the species, but has a better song repertoire. This suggests an evolutionary trade-off between possible alleles. With natural selection choosing traits best fit for reproductive success there could be a trade off in either direction depending on which trait would produce a higher fitness at that time period.[4]
Song repertoire can be attributed to male songbirds as it is one of the main mechanisms of courtship. Song repertoires differ from male individual to male individual and species to species. Some species may typically have large repertoires while others may have significantly smaller ones. Mate choice in female songbirds is a significant realm of study as song abilities are continuously evolving. Currently there have been numerous studies involving songbird repertoires, unfortunately, there has yet been concrete evidence to confirm that every songbird species prefers larger repertoires. A conclusion can be made that it can vary between specific species on whether a larger repertoire is connected to better fitness. With this conclusion, it can be inferred that evolution via natural selection, or sexual selection, favors the ability to retain larger repertoires for these certain species as it leads to higher reproductive success.[3] During times of courtship, it is said that male songbirds increase their repertoire by mimicking other species songs. The better the mimicking ability, retaining ability, and the quantity of other species mimicked has been proven to have a positive relationship with mating success. Female preferences cause the constant improvement of accuracy and presentation of the copied songs.[5]
Sibley and Alquist divided songbirds into two "parvorders", Corvida and Passerida (standard taxonomic practice would rank these as infraorders). Subsequent molecular studies, however, show this treatment to be somewhat erroneous. Passerida is a broad lineage, including over one third of all bird species (3885 Passerida species in 2015 [6]). These are divided into three major superfamilies (though not exactly corresponding to the Sibley-Ahlquist arrangement), in addition to some minor lineages. In contrast, Sibley & Alquist's "Corvida" is a phylogenetic grade, and an artefact of the phenetic methodology. The bulk of these form the large superfamily Corvoidea (812 species in 2015 [6]), which is a sister group to the Passerida. The remaining 15 Oscine families (343 species in 2015[6]) form a series of basally branching sister groups to the Corvoid - Passerid clade.[7] All of these groups, which form at least six successively branching basal clades, are found exclusively or predominantly in Australasia. Australian endemics are also prominent among basal lineages in both Corvoids and Passerids, suggesting that songbirds originated and diverged in Australia.[2]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passeri. |
| Look up oscine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
| Taxon identifiers |
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| Authority control |
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| リンク元 | 「robin」「鳴禽類」「鳴鳥類」 |