shaper

　

WordNet

1. a machine tool for shaping metal or wood (同)shaping machine
2. make something, usually for a specific function; "She molded the rice balls carefully"; "Form cylinders from the dough"; "shape a figure"; "Work the metal into a sword" (同)form, work, mold, mould, forge
3. give shape or form to; "shape the dough"; "form the young childs character" (同)form
4. the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance; "geometry is the mathematical science of shape" (同)form
5. any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline); "he could barely make out their shapes" (同)form, configuration, contour, conformation
6. a concrete representation of an otherwise nebulous concept; "a circle was the embodiment of his concept of life" (同)embodiment

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉〈U〉『形』,外形,形状・〈U〉状態、調子・〈U〉申分のない体調・〈U〉《時にa~》体つき,姿,なり・〈U〉(物事の)状態・…‘を'『形を作る』・‘を'形づける(give form to);(…の形に)‥・‘を'形作る《+『名』+『into』+『名』》・…‘を'形を整える・‘を'合わせる・(…に)…‘を'形を合わせる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》・〈進路・方針など〉‘を'定める・形ができる・具体化する・発展する《+『up』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/22 15:52:13」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Shaper (disambiguation).

Shaper tool slide, clapper box and cutting tool

Shaper with boring bar setup to allow cutting of internal features, such as keyways, or even shapes that might otherwise be cut with wire EDM.

A shaper is a type of machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to machine a linear toolpath. Its cut is analogous to that of a lathe, except that it is (archetypally) linear instead of helical. (Adding axes of motion can yield helical toolpaths, as also done in helical planing.) A shaper is analogous to a planer, but smaller, and with the cutter riding a ram that moves above a stationary workpiece, rather than the entire workpiece moving beneath the cutter. The ram is moved back and forth typically by a crank inside the column; hydraulically actuated shapers also exist.

Types

Shapers are mainly classified as standard, draw-cut, horizontal, universal, vertical, geared, crank, hydraulic, contour and traveling head. The horizontal arrangement is the most common. Vertical shapers are generally fitted with a rotary table to enable curved surfaces to be machined (same idea as in helical planing). The vertical shaper is essentially the same thing as a slotter (slotting machine), although technically a distinction can be made if one defines a true vertical shaper as a machine whose slide can be moved from the vertical. A slotter is fixed in the vertical plane.

Small shapers have been successfully made to operate by hand power. As size increases, the mass of the machine and its power requirements increase, and it becomes necessary to use a motor or other supply of mechanical power. This motor drives a mechanical arrangement (using a pinion gear, bull gear, and crank, or a chain over sprockets) or a hydraulic motor that supplies the necessary movement via hydraulic cylinders.

Operation

Shaper linkage. Note the drive arm revolves less for the return stroke than for the cutting stroke, resulting in a quicker return stroke and more powerful cutting stroke.

The workpiece mounts on a rigid, box-shaped table in front of the machine. The height of the table can be adjusted to suit this workpiece, and the table can traverse sideways underneath the reciprocating tool, which is mounted on the ram. Table motion may be controlled manually, but is usually advanced by an automatic feed mechanism acting on the feedscrew. The ram slides back and forth above the work. At the front end of the ram is a vertical tool slide that may be adjusted to either side of the vertical plane along the stroke axis. This tool-slide holds the clapper box and toolpost, from which the tool can be positioned to cut a straight, flat surface on the top of the workpiece. The tool-slide permits feeding the tool downwards to deepen a cut. This adjustability, coupled with the use of specialized cutters and toolholders, enable the operator to cut internal and external gear tooth profiles, splines, dovetails, and keyways.

The ram is adjustable for stroke and, due to the geometry of the linkage, it moves faster on the return (non-cutting) stroke than on the forward, cutting stroke. This action is via a slotted link or Whitworth link.

Uses

The most common use is to machine straight, flat surfaces, but with ingenuity and some accessories a wide range of work can be done. Other examples of its use are:

• Keyways in the boss of a pulley or gear can be machined without resorting to a dedicated broaching setup.
• Dovetail slides
• Internal splines and gear teeth.
• Keyway, spline, and gear tooth cutting in blind holes
• Cam drums with toolpaths of the type that in CNC milling terms would require 4- or 5-axis contouring or turn-mill cylindrical interpolation
• It is even possible to obviate wire EDM work in some cases. Starting from a drilled or cored hole, a shaper with a boring-bar type tool can cut internal features that don't lend themselves to milling or boring (such as irregularly shaped holes with tight corners).

History

Roe (1916) credits James Nasmyth with the invention of the shaper in 1836. Shapers were very common in industrial production from the mid-19th century through the mid-20th. In current industrial practice, shapers have been largely superseded by other machine tools (especially of the CNC type), including milling machines, grinding machines, and broaching machines. But the basic function of a shaper is still sound; tooling for them is minimal and very cheap to reproduce; and they are simple and robust in construction, making their repair and upkeep easily achievable. Thus they are still popular in many machine shops, from jobbing shops or repair shops to tool and die shops, where only one or a few pieces are required to be produced and the alternative methods are cost- or tooling-intensive. They also have considerable retro appeal to many hobbyist machinists, who are happy to obtain a used shaper or, in some cases, even to build a new one from scratch.

See also

• Planer (metalworking)

References

Bibliography

• Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), English and American Tool Builders, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (LCCN 27-24075); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7).

External links

• Lathes.co.uk information archive on hand-powered shapers
• YouTube video of shaper mechanism
• YouTube video of a vintage shaper in action
• YouTube video of a newly built hobbyist shaper in action

English Journal

• Photonic arbitrary waveform generation based on crossed frequency to time mapping.

• Jiang HY, Yan LS, Sun YF, Ye J, Pan W, Luo B, Zou XH.AbstractMicrowave photonic arbitrary waveform generation based on incoherent frequency-to-time-mapping (FTTM) accompanied by intersymbol interference, so called crossed FTTM (CFTTM). The pulse shape can be defined and tuned by properly adjusting the spectrum shaper (symbol shape) and the degree of intersymbol interference. UWB-, triangular-, rectangle-, comb- and user-defined pulse shapes are experimentally obtained.
• Optics express.Opt Express.2013 Mar 11;21(5):6488-96. doi: 10.1364/OE.21.006488.
• Microwave photonic arbitrary waveform generation based on incoherent frequency-to-time-mapping (FTTM) accompanied by intersymbol interference, so called crossed FTTM (CFTTM). The pulse shape can be defined and tuned by properly adjusting the spectrum shaper (symbol shape) and the degree of intersymb
• PMID 23482218

• Supercontinuum pulse shaping in the few-cycle regime.

• Hagemann F, Gause O, Wöste L, Siebert T.AbstractThe synthesis of nearly arbitrary supercontinuum pulse forms is demonstrated with sub-pulse structures that maintain a temporal resolution in the few-cycle regime. Spectral broadening of the 35 fs input pulses to supercontinuum bandwidths is attained in a controlled two-stage sequential filamentation in air at atmospheric pressure, facilitating a homogeneous power density over the full spectral envelope in the visible to near infrared spectral range. Only standard optics and a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) are employed for achieving pulse compression to the sub 5 fs regime with pulse energies of up to 60 μJ and a peak power of 12 GW. This constitutes the starting point for further pulse form synthesis via phase modulation within the sampling limit of the pulse shaper. Transient grating frequency-resolved optical gating (TG-FROG) allows for the characterization of pulse forms that extend over several hundred femtoseconds with few-cycle substructures.
• Optics express.Opt Express.2013 Mar 11;21(5):5536-49. doi: 10.1364/OE.21.005536.
• The synthesis of nearly arbitrary supercontinuum pulse forms is demonstrated with sub-pulse structures that maintain a temporal resolution in the few-cycle regime. Spectral broadening of the 35 fs input pulses to supercontinuum bandwidths is attained in a controlled two-stage sequential filamentatio
• PMID 23482125

• Matched filtering Generalized Phase Contrast using binary phase for dynamic spot- and line patterns in biophotonics and structured lighting.

• Bañas A, Aabo T, Palima D, Glückstad J.SourceDTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
• Optics express.Opt Express.2013 Jan 28;21(2):1849-56. doi: 10.1364/OE.21.001849.
• This work discusses the use of matched filtering Generalized Phase Contrast (mGPC) as an efficient and cost-effective beam shaper for applications such as in biophotonics, optical micromanipulation, microscopy and two-photon polymerization. The theoretical foundation of mGPC is described as a combin
• PMID 23389169

Japanese Journal

• 小信号特性を改善したデジタル直接駆動型スピーカの実装 (電子回路研究会・電子回路一般)

• 電気学会研究会資料. ECT = The papers of technical meeting on electronic circuits, IEE Japan 2017(28-40・42-51), 73-78, 2017-03-09
• NAID 40021217650

• 非対称の屈折面を有するレーザ強度分布変換素子の設計と製作

• 設計工学 52(8), 513-522, 2017
• NAID 130005907737

• 波動モデルに基づく指令値整形によるフレキシブルアームの振動抑制制御

• 精密工学会誌 83(6), 593-598, 2017
• NAID 130005689947

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「shape」

「shape」

　　[★]

• n.

• 形

• v.

• 形づくる、形をとる

関

adopt、appearance、figure、form