serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase

同

SGPT

WordNet

1. an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates (同)blood_serum
2. a class of transferases that catalyze transamination (that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to another compound) (同)aminotransferase, aminopherase
3. a salt or ester of glutamic acid

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. リンパ液 / 血清
2. serial / series / sermon

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/15 17:41:36」(JST)

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glutamic-pyruvate transaminase
Identifiers
Symbol	GPT
Entrez	2875
HUGO	4552
OMIM	138200
RefSeq	NM_005309
UniProt	P24298
Other data
EC number	2.6.1.2
Locus	Chr. 8 q24.2-qter

Alanine transaminase
Identifiers
EC number	2.6.1.2
CAS number	9000-86-6
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology	AmiGO / EGO
Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a transaminase enzyme (EC 2.6.1.2). It is also called alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and was formerly called serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) or serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). ALT is found in plasma and in various body tissues, but is most common in the liver. It catalyzes the two parts of the alanine cycle. Serum ALT level, serum AST (aspartate transaminase) level, and their ratio (AST/ALT ratio) are commonly measured clinically as biomarkers for liver health. The tests are part of blood panels.

Function

ALT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-alanine to α-ketoglutarate, the products of this reversible transamination reaction being pyruvate and L-glutamate.

L-glutamate + pyruvate ⇌ α-ketoglutarate + L-alanine

Alanine transaminase

ALT (and all transaminases) require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, which is converted into pyridoxamine in the first phase of the reaction, when an amino acid is converted into a keto acid.

Clinical significance

ALT is commonly measured clinically as a part of a diagnostic evaluation of hepatocellular injury, to determine liver health. When used in diagnostics, it is almost always measured in international units/liter (IU/L). While sources vary on specific reference range values for patients, 10-40 IU/L is the standard reference range for experimental studies. Alanine transaminase shows a marked diurnal variation.

The ratio of ALT to AST (aspartate transaminase) also has clinical significance.

Elevated levels

Test results should always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that produced the result. However typical reference intervals for ALT are:

Patient type	Reference ranges
Female	≤ 34 IU/L
Male	≤ 52 IU/L

Significantly elevated levels of ALT (SGPT) often suggest the existence of other medical problems such as viral hepatitis, diabetes, congestive heart failure, liver damage, bile duct problems, infectious mononucleosis, or myopathy, so ALT is commonly used as a way of screening for liver problems. Elevated ALT may also be caused by dietary choline deficiency. However, elevated levels of ALT do not automatically mean that medical problems exist. Fluctuation of ALT levels is normal over the course of the day, and they can also increase in response to strenuous physical exercise.

When elevated ALT levels are found in the blood, the possible underlying causes can be further narrowed down by measuring other enzymes. For example, elevated ALT levels due to hepatocyte damage can be distinguished from bile duct problems by measuring alkaline phosphatase. Also, myopathy-related elevations in ALT should be suspected when the aspartate transaminase (AST) is greater than ALT; the possibility of muscle disease causing elevations in liver tests can be further explored by measuring muscle enzymes, including creatine kinase. Many drugs may elevate ALT levels, including Zileuton, omega-3-acid ethyl esters (Lovaza), anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, cholesterol medications, some antipsychotics such as risperidone, and anticonvulsants.. Paracetamol may also elevate ALT levels.

For years, the American Red Cross used ALT testing as part of the battery of tests to ensure the safety of its blood supply by deferring donors with elevated ALT levels. The intent was to identify donors potentially infected with hepatitis C because no specific test for that disease was available at the time. Prior to July 1992, widespread blood donation testing in the USA for hepatitis C was not carried out by major blood banks. With the introduction of second-generation ELISA antibody tests for hepatitis C, the Red Cross changed the ALT policy. As of July 2003, donors previously disqualified for elevated ALT levels and no other reason may be reinstated as donors by contacting the donor-counseling department of their regional Red Cross organization.

See also

• Aspartate transaminase
• Liver function tests

References

External links

• Alanine transaminase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• ALT: analyte monograph; The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at Lab Tests Online

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 肝細胞障害を検出するための肝臓生化学検査 liver biochemical tests that detect injury to hepatocytes
• 2. メープルシロップ尿症の概要 overview of maple syrup urine disease
• 3. 有機酸血症 organic acidemias
• 4. ホスホリラーゼbキナーゼ欠損症 phosphorylase b kinase deficiency
• 5. 肝酵素および肝機能検査値の異常が認められた患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with abnormal liver biochemical and function tests

English Journal

• Protein and mRNA expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 and inhibition by cyclopamine in hepatocytes of rats with chronic fluorosis.

• Zhao L1, Yu Y2, Deng C1.Author information 1Department of Pathology, Guiyang Medical University, Gui Zhou 550004, China.2Department of Pathology, Guiyang Medical University, Gui Zhou 550004, China. Electronic address: gyyxybl2010@163.com.AbstractIn order to investigate the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway and the effect of cyclopamine in rat hepatocytes with chronic fluorosis, 48 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. The control group was provided with tap water in which the fluorine concentration was <1mg/L, while the remaining three groups were provided with water containing sodium fluoride (NaF) at a concentration of 50mg/L. After 6 months, the blocking and blocking control groups were injected intraperitoneally once every 2 days for 6 days with 10mg/kg cyclopamine or dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively. The urinary and skeletal fluoride contents were determined by the ion selective electrode method. Levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) in the serum were determined by using autobiochemical machine. Histological changes in liver tissue were evaluated with Hematoxylin & Eeosin (H&E) staining using light microscopy. The protein and mRNA expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 in hepatocytes of experimental animals was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting (Wb) and Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Fluoride content of the urine and bone was increased in the fluorosis and blocking groups compared to those in the control group (P<0.05), while fluoride content in the blocking group was decreased compared to the fluorosis and blocking control groups (P<0.05). The expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 at the mRNA and protein levels was significantly increased in hepatocytes from the fluorosis and blocking control groups compared with the control group, and expression in the blocking group was lower than that of the fluorosis and blocking control groups. The difference between any two groups was considered to be statistically significant (P<0.05). Taken together, our study indicates that the expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 at the protein and mRNA level in hepatocytes of rats with chronic fluorosis can be increased by fluoride and may be inhibited by cyclopamine and that the Shh signaling pathway plays an important role in the liver pathogenesis caused by fluorosis.
• Toxicology letters.Toxicol Lett.2014 Mar 3;225(2):318-24. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.022. Epub 2014 Jan 2.
• In order to investigate the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway and the effect of cyclopamine in rat hepatocytes with chronic fluorosis, 48 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. The control group was provided with tap water in which the fluorine concentration was <1mg/L, while the r
• PMID 24388991

• Silibinin potentially attenuates arsenic-induced oxidative stress mediated cardiotoxicity and dyslipidemia in rats.

• Muthumani M1, Prabu SM.Author information 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India.AbstractCardiac dysfunction is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Chronic exposure of arsenic (As) mainly leads to cardiotoxic effect. Cardiotoxicity was induced by the sodium arsenite as the source of As (5 mg/kg BW, PO) for 4 weeks. As intoxication significantly (p < 0.05) increased the serum cardiac markers, viz. creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, oxidative stress markers in heart, plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids (FFA), low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as cardiac lipid profile (TC, TG and FFA) and significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the level of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, cardiac PL, mitochondrial enzymes such as ICDH, SDH, MDH, α-KDH and NADH dehydrogenase, levels of enzymatic antioxidant, nonenzymatic antioxidants and membrane-bound ATPases in heart. In addition, As-intoxicated rats showed a significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of myocardial NADPH (NOX) oxidase sub units such as NOX2 and NOX4 as well as Keap-1 and down-regulation of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions. Pre-administration of silibinin (SB) (75 mg/kg BW) remarkably recovered all these altered parameters to near normalcy in As-induced cardiotoxic rat. Moreover, the light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic study further supports the protective efficacy of SB on the heart mitochondria. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that SB has a potential to extenuate the arsenic-induced cardiotoxicity and dyslipidemia in rat.
• Cardiovascular toxicology.Cardiovasc Toxicol.2014 Mar;14(1):83-97. doi: 10.1007/s12012-013-9227-x.
• Cardiac dysfunction is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Chronic exposure of arsenic (As) mainly leads to cardiotoxic effect. Cardiotoxicity was induced by the sodium arsenite as the source of As (5 mg/kg BW, PO) for 4 weeks. As intoxication significantly (p�
• PMID 24062023

• Fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected adults: Prospective analysis of 435 liver biopsy pairs.

• Konerman MA1, Mehta SH, Sutcliffe CG, Vu T, Higgins Y, Torbenson MS, Moore RD, Thomas DL, Sulkowski MS.Author information 1Johns Hopkins Hospital/University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is associated with progressive liver disease. However, the rate of progression is variable and the ability to differentiate patients with stable versus progressive HCV disease is limited. The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of and risk factors for fibrosis progression in a prospective cohort of coinfected patients. Overall, 435 liver biopsy pairs from 282 patients without cirrhosis were analyzed. Biopsies were scored according to the METAVIR system by a single pathologist blind to biopsy sequence. Fibrosis progression was defined as an increase of at least one METAVIR fibrosis stage between paired biopsies. The majority of patients were African American (84.8%), male (67.7%), and infected with HCV genotype 1 (93.4%). On initial biopsy, no or minimal fibrosis was identified in 243 patients (86%). The median interval between biopsies was 2.5 years. Fibrosis progression was observed in 97 of 282 (34%) patients and 149 of 435 (34%) biopsy pairs. After adjustment, greater body mass index (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.04 per 1 unit increase), diabetes (aOR: 1.56), and hepatic steatosis (aOR: 1.78) at the time of initial biopsy were marginally associated with subsequent fibrosis progression. Between biopsies, elevated serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST, ALT) (aOR AST: 3.34, ALT: 2.18 for >25% values >100 U/L versus <25% values >100 U/L) were strongly associated with fibrosis progression. Conclusion: Fibrosis progression is common among HIV/HCV coinfected patients; these data suggest that progression can be rapid. Persistent elevations in serum transaminase levels may serve as important noninvasive markers to identify subsets of patients who are more likely to progress and thus warrant closer monitoring and consideration of HCV treatment. (Hepatology 2014;59:767-775).
• Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.).Hepatology.2014 Mar;59(3):767-75. doi: 10.1002/hep.26741. Epub 2014 Jan 16.
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is associated with progressive liver disease. However, the rate of progression is variable and the ability to differentiate patients with stable versus progressive HCV disease is limited. The objective of this study was to assess
• PMID 24436062

Japanese Journal

• Safety evaluation of Trikatu, a generic Ayurvedic medicine in Charles Foster rats

• Chanda Debabrata,Shanker Karuna,Pal Anirban,Luqman Suaib,Bawankule Dnyaneshwar Umrao,Mani Dayanandan,Darokar Mahendra Pandurang
• Journal of toxicological sciences 34(1), 99-108, 2009-02-01
• … hematological (total white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC) count), biochemical parameters such as serum creatinine, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum lipid profile and tissue biochemical parameters such as reduced glutathione and malonaldehyde content as …
• NAID 110007043231

• A Protein from Cajanus indicus Spreng Protects Liver and Kidney against Mercuric Chloride-Induced Oxidative Stress(Biochemistry)

• GHOSH Ayantika,SIL Parames Chandra
• Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 31(9), 1651-1658, 2008-09-01
• … In addition, HgCl_2 increased the activities of serum marker enzymes (namely, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, GPT and alkaline phosphatase, ALP), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level along with hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation. …
• NAID 110006878946

Related Links

• Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase - definition of Serum ...

The heart damage induced by isoproterenol was indicated by elevated levels of the marker enzymes such as Creatine Kinase-isoenzyme (CK-MB), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT ...

• Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase | Fundstellen im ...

Der Begriff Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase ist im englisch-sprachigen Wikipedia aufgeführt. Dort heißt es dazu: Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a transaminase enzyme (EC 2.6.1.2). It is also called alanine aminotransferase ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「SGPT」
関連記事	「glutamate」「pyruvate」「transaminase」

「SGPT」

　　[★]

関

See Alanine aminotransferase

同

serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase

「glutamate」

　　[★]

グルタミン酸、グルタメート、グルタメイト、(化合物)グルタミン酸塩

　

「pyruvate」

　　[★] ピルビン酸 pyruvic acid

「transaminase」

　　[★] トランスアミナーゼ