Not to be confused with creatine.
|
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2007) |
Creatinine
|
|
| Names |
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Amino-1-methyl-5H-imidazol-4-one[citation needed]
|
Systematic IUPAC name
2-Amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ol[citation needed]
|
| Other names
2-Amino-1-methylimidazol-4-ol[citation needed]
|
| Identifiers |
|
CAS Number
|
60-27-5 Y |
| 3DMet |
B00175 |
|
Beilstein Reference
|
112061 |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:16737 N |
| ChEMBL |
ChEMBL65567 N |
| ChemSpider |
21640982 Y |
| EC Number |
200-466-7 |
InChI
-
InChI=1S/C4H7N3O/c1-7-2-3(8)6-4(7)5/h2,8H,1H3,(H2,5,6) Y
Key: BTXYOFGSUFEOLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
-
InChI=1/C4H7N3O/c1-7-2-3(8)6-4(7)5/h2H2,1H3,(H2,5,6,8)
Key: DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYAV
|
| Jmol interactive 3D |
Image |
| KEGG |
D03600 Y |
| MeSH |
Creatinine |
| PubChem |
26009888
588 minor tautomer |
|
|
| UNII |
AYI8EX34EU Y |
| UN number |
1789 |
| Properties |
|
Chemical formula
|
C4H7N3O |
| Molar mass |
113.12 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance |
White crystals |
| Density |
1.09 g cm−3 |
| Melting point |
300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)[1] (decomposes) |
|
Solubility in water
|
1 part per 12[1] |
| log P |
-1.76 |
| Acidity (pKa) |
12.309 |
| Basicity (pKb) |
1.688 |
| Isoelectric point |
11.19 |
| Thermochemistry |
|
Specific
heat capacity (C)
|
138.1 J K−1 mol−1 (at 23.4 °C) |
|
Std molar
entropy (So298)
|
167.4 J K−1 mol−1 |
|
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
|
−240.81–239.05 kJ mol−1 |
|
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcHo298)
|
−2.33539–2.33367 MJ mol−1 |
| Hazards |
|
EU classification (DSD)
|
Xn |
| R-phrases |
R34, R36/37/38, R20/21/22 |
| S-phrases |
S26, S36/37/39, S45, S24/25, S36 |
| NFPA 704 |
|
| Flash point |
290 °C (554 °F; 563 K) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|
| N verify (what is YN ?) |
| Infobox references |
|
|
Creatinine ( or ; Greek: κρέας, "flesh") is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass).
Contents
- 1 Biological relevance
- 2 Diagnostic use
- 2.1 Serum creatinine
- 2.2 Urine creatinine
- 3 Interpretation
- 4 Chemistry
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Biological relevance
Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of renal health because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Creatinine itself is produced[2] via a biological system involving creatine, phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP, the body's immediate energy supply).
Creatine is synthesized primarily in the liver from the methylation of glycocyamine (guanidino acetate, synthesized in the kidney from the amino acids arginine and glycine) by S-adenosyl methionine. It is then transported through blood to the other organs, muscle, and brain, where, through phosphorylation, it becomes the high-energy compound phosphocreatine.[3] During the reaction, creatine and phosphocreatine are catalyzed by creatine kinase, and a spontaneous conversion to creatinine may occur.[4]
Creatinine is removed from the blood chiefly by the kidneys, primarily by glomerular filtration, but also by proximal tubular secretion. Little or no tubular reabsorption of creatinine occurs. If the filtration in the kidney is deficient, creatinine blood levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in blood and urine may be used to calculate the creatinine clearance (CrCl), which correlates with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Blood creatinine levels may also be used alone to calculate the estimated GFR (eGFR).
The GFR is clinically important because it is a measurement of renal function. However, in cases of severe renal dysfunction, the CrCl rate will overestimate the GFR because hypersecretion of creatinine by the proximal tubules will account for a larger fraction of the total creatinine cleared.[5] Ketoacids, cimetidine, and trimethoprim reduce creatinine tubular secretion and, therefore, increase the accuracy of the GFR estimate, in particular in severe renal dysfunction. (In the absence of secretion, creatinine behaves like inulin.)
An alternate estimation of renal function can be made when interpreting the blood (plasma) concentration of creatinine along with that of urea. BUN-to-creatinine ratio (the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine) can indicate other problems besides those intrinsic to the kidney; for example, a urea level raised out of proportion to the creatinine may indicate a prerenal problem such as volume depletion.
Each day, 1-2% of muscle creatine is converted to creatinine.[3] Men tend to have higher levels of creatinine than women because, in general, they have a greater mass of skeletal muscle.[3] Increased dietary intake of creatine or eating a lot of protein (like meat) can increase daily creatinine excretion.[3]
Diagnostic use
Serum creatinine
Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test, and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function.[3]
A rise in blood creatinine level is a late marker, observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is unsuitable for detecting early-stage kidney disease. A better estimation of kidney function is given by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). eGFR can be accurately calculated using serum creatinine concentration and some or all of the following variables: sex, age, weight, and race, as suggested by the American Diabetes Association without a 24-hour urine collection.[6] Many laboratories will automatically calculate eGFR when a creatinine test is requested. Extensive discussion of eGFR algorithms can be found in the Renal function article.
A concern as of late 2010 relates to the adoption of a new analytical methodology, and a possible impact this may have in clinical medicine. Most clinical laboratories now align their creatinine measurements against a new standardized isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) method to measure serum creatinine. IDMS appears to give lower values than older methods when the serum creatinine values are relatively low, for example 0.7 mg/dL. The IDMS method would result in a comparative overestimation of the corresponding calculated GFR in some patients with normal renal function. A few medicines are dosed even in normal renal function on that derived GFR. The dose, unless further modified, could now be higher than desired, potentially causing increased drug-related toxicity. To counter the effect of changing to IDMS, new FDA guidelines have suggested limiting doses to specified maxima with carboplatin, a chemotherapy drug.[7]
In a recent Japanese study, a lower serum creatinine level was found to be associated with an increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men.[8]
Urine creatinine
Creatinine concentration is also checked during standard urine drug tests. Normal creatinine levels indicate the test sample is undiluted, whereas low amounts of creatinine in the urine indicate either a manipulated test or low indial baseline creatinine levels. Test samples considered manipulated due to low creatinine are not tested, and the test is sometimes considered failed.
Interpretation
In the United States and in most European countries creatinine is typically reported in mg/dL, whereas in Canada, Australia,[9] and a few European countries, μmol/L may be used. One mg/dL of creatinine is 88.4 μmol/L.
The typical human reference ranges for serum creatinine are 0.5 to 1.0 mg/dL (about 45-90 μmol/L) for women and 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dL (60-110 μmol/L) for men. The significance of a single creatinine value must be interpreted in light of the patient's muscle mass. A patient with a greater muscle mass will have a higher creatinine level. While a baseline serum creatinine of 2.0 mg/dL (150 μmol/L) may indicate normal kidney function in a male body builder, a serum creatinine of 1.6 mg/dL (110 μmol/L) can indicate significant renal disease in an elderly female.[citation needed]
Reference ranges for blood tests, comparing blood content of creatinine (shown in apple green) with other constituents
The trend of serum creatinine levels over time is more important than absolute creatinine level.
Creatinine levels may increase when an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor antagonist (or angiotensin receptor blocker, ARB) is taken. Using both ACEI and ARB concomitantly will increase creatinine levels to a greater degree than either of the two drugs would individually. An increase of <30% is to be expected with ACEI or ARB use.
Chemistry
In chemical terms, creatinine is a spontaneously formed cyclic derivative of creatine. Several tautomers of creatinine exist; ordered by contribution, they are:
- 2-Amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ol (or 2-amino-1-methylimidazol-4-ol)
- 2-Amino-1-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-4-one
- 2-Imino-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-4-ol (or 2-imino-1-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-ol)
- 2-Imino-1-methylimidazolidin-4-one
- 2-Imino-1-methyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-4-ol (or 2-imino-1-methyl-5H-imidazol-4-ol)
Creatinine starts to decompose around 300 °C.
See also
- Cystatin C - novel marker of kidney function
- Jaffe reaction - an example of creatinine assay methodology
- Rhabdomyolysis - may be diagnosed using creatinine levels
- Nephrotic syndrome
References
- ^ a b Merck Index, 11th Edition, 2571
- ^ http://www.medicinenet.com/creatinine_blood_test/article.htm[full citation needed]
- ^ a b c d e Taylor, E. Howard (1989). Clinical Chemistry. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 4, 58–62.
- ^ Allen PJ (May 2012). "Creatine metabolism and psychiatric disorders: Does creatine supplementation have therapeutic value?". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36 (5): 1442–62. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.005. PMC 3340488. PMID 22465051.
- ^ Shemesh O, Golbetz H, Kriss JP, Myers BD (November 1985). "Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients". Kidney Int. 28 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1038/ki.1985.205. PMID 2418254.
- ^ Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ, Silveiro SP, Canani LH, Caramori ML, Zelmanovitz T (January 2005). "Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment". Diabetes Care 28 (1): 164–76. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.1.164. PMID 15616252.
- ^ http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDER/ucm228974.htm[full citation needed] accessioned 2010 October 22
- ^ Harita N, Hayashi T, Sato KK; et al. (March 2009). "Lower serum creatinine is a new risk factor of type 2 diabetes: the Kansai healthcare study". Diabetes Care 32 (3): 424–6. doi:10.2337/dc08-1265. PMC 2646021. PMID 19074997.
- ^ Faull R (2007). "Prescribing in renal disease". Australian Prescriber 30 (1): 17–20.
External links
- Creatinine at Lab Tests Online
- Creatinine: analyte monograph - The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
|
Amino acid metabolism metabolic intermediates
|
|
| K→acetyl-CoA |
|
lysine→
|
- Saccharopine
- Allysine
- α-Aminoadipic acid
- α-Ketoadipate
- Glutaryl-CoA
- Glutaconyl-CoA
- Crotonyl-CoA
- β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
|
|
|
leucine→
|
- α-Ketoisocaproic acid
- Isovaleryl-CoA
- 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
- 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
- HMG-CoA
|
|
|
tryptophan→alanine→
|
- N'-Formylkynurenine
- Kynurenine
- Anthranilic acid
- 3-Hydroxykynurenine
- 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
- 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde
- 2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde
- 2-Aminomuconic acid
- Glutaryl-CoA
|
|
|
| G |
|
G→pyruvate→citrate
|
|
glycine→serine→
|
- glycine→creatine: Glycocyamine
- Phosphocreatine
- Creatinine
|
|
|
|
G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate
|
|
histidine→
|
- Urocanic acid
- Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid
- Formiminoglutamic acid
- Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
|
|
|
proline→
|
- 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
|
|
|
arginine→
|
- Agmatine
- Ornithine
- Cadaverine
- Putrescine
|
|
|
other
|
- cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: γ-Glutamylcysteine
|
|
|
|
G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA
|
|
valine→
|
- α-Ketoisovaleric acid
- Isobutyryl-CoA
- Methacrylyl-CoA
- 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA
- 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
- 2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
|
|
|
isoleucine→
|
- 2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
- 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA
- Tiglyl-CoA
- 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA
|
|
|
methionine→
|
- generation of homocysteine: S-Adenosyl methionine
- S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
- Homocysteine
- conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine
- alpha-Ketobutyric acid+Cysteine
|
|
|
threonine→
|
|
|
|
propionyl-CoA→
|
|
|
|
|
G→fumarate
|
|
phenylalanine→tyrosine→
|
- 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
- Homogentisic acid
- 4-Maleylacetoacetic acid
|
|
|
|
G→oxaloacetate
|
|
|
|
| Other |
|
|
|
Index of inborn errors of metabolism
|
|
| Description |
- Metabolism
- Enzymes and pathways: citric acid cycle
- pentose phosphate
- glycoproteins
- glycosaminoglycans
- phospholipid
- cholesterol and steroid
- sphingolipids
- eicosanoids
- amino acid
- urea cycle
- nucleotide
|
|
| Disorders |
- Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
- Glycoprotein
- Proteoglycan
- Fatty-acid
- Phospholipid
- Cholesterol and steroid
- Eicosanoid
- Amino acid
- Purine-pyrimidine
- Heme metabolism
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
| Treatment |
|
|
Index of biochemical families
|
|
| Carbohydrates |
- Alcohols
- Glycoproteins
- Glycosides
|
|
| Lipids |
- Eicosanoids
- Fatty acids
- Glycerides
- Phospholipids
- Sphingolipids
- Steroids
|
|
| Nucleic acids |
|
|
| Proteins |
|
|
| Other |
|
|
|
|
References ranges for blood tests (CPT 82000–84999)
|
|
| Electrolytes |
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Calcium
- Renal function
- Creatinine
- Urea
- BUN-to-creatinine ratio
- Plasma osmolality
- Serum osmolal gap
|
|
| Acid-base |
- Anion gap
- Arterial blood gas
- Base excess
- Bicarbonate
- CO2 content
|
|
| Iron tests |
- Ferritin
- Serum iron
- Transferrin saturation
- Total iron-binding capacity
- Transferrin
- Transferrin receptor
|
|
| Hormones |
- ACTH stimulation test
- Thyroid function tests
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
|
|
| Metabolism |
|
|
| Cardiovascular |
- Cardiac marker
- CPK-MB test
- Lactate dehydrogenase
- Myoglobin
- Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
|
|
| Liver function tests |
- Proteins
- Human serum albumin
- Serum total protein
- ALP
- transaminases
- Bilirubin
|
|
| Pancreas |
|
|
|
Index of the urinary system
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
- Cells
|
|
| Disease |
- Electrolyte and acid-base
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- Urine tests
- Blood tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- Intravenous fluids
|
|
Index of hormones
|
|
| Description |
- Glands
- Hormones
- thyroid
- mineralocorticoids
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Diabetes
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- calcium balance
- corticosteroids
- oral hypoglycemics
- pituitary and hypothalamic
- thyroid
|
|
Index of the heart
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Injury
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- Blood tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- glycosides
- other stimulants
- antiarrhythmics
- vasodilators
|
|
Index of digestion
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Gluten sensitivity
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- Blood tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- anabolic steroids
- antacids
- diarrhoea and infection
- bile and liver
- functional gastrointestinal disorders
- laxatives
- peptic ulcer and reflux
- nausea and vomiting
- other
- Surgery
|
|
|
