WordNet

surrounding and dominated by a central authority or power; "a city and its satellite communities"
man-made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon (同)artificial satellite, orbiter
a person who follows or serves another (同)planet
any celestial body orbiting around a planet or star
broadcast or disseminate via satellite
the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)r

PrepTutorEJDIC

衛星(主惑星を回転する天体物)・人工衛星・衛星国家・従者
resistance / 17歳以下父兄同伴映画の表示 / rook
ribonucleic acid・リボ核酸

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/26 15:50:28」(JST)

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A satellite is a subviral agent composed of nucleic acid that depends on the co-infection of a host cell with a helper or master virus for its replication. When a satellite encodes the coat protein in which its nucleic acid is encapsidated it is referred to as a satellite virus. A satellite virus of mamavirus that inhibits the replication of its host has been termed a virophage.^[1] However, the usage of this term remains controversial due to the lack of fundamental differences between virophages and classical satellite viruses.^[2]

The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for Satellite Tobacco Ringspot Virus RNA (STobRV).^[3]

Satellite viral particles should not be confused with satellite DNA.

Classification

Satellite viruses
- Single-stranded RNA satellite viruses
  - Subgroup 1: Chronic bee paralysis virus associated satellite
    - Chronic bee-paralysis satellite virus
  - Subgroup 2: Tobacco necrosis virus satellite
    - Maize white line mosaic satellite virus
    - Panicum mosaic satellite virus
    - Tobacco mosaic satellite virus
    - Tobacco necrosis satellite virus
- Double-stranded DNA satellite viruses
  - Sputnik virophage
  - Zamilon virophage
  - Mavirus virophage
  - Organic Lake virophage
Satellite nucleic acids
- Single-stranded satellite DNAs
  - Alphasatellites
    - Tomato leaf curl virus satellite DNA
  - Betasatellites
- Double-stranded satellite RNAs
  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae M virus satellite
  - Trichomonas vaginalis T1 virus satellite
- Single-stranded satellite RNAs
  - Subgroup 1: Large satellite RNAs
    - Arabis mosaic virus large satellite RNA
    - Bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA
    - Chicory yellow mottle virus large satellite RNA
    - Grapevine Bulgarian latent virus satellite RNA
    - Grapevine fanleaf virus satellite RNA
    - Myrobalan latent ringspot virus satellite RNA
    - Tomato black ring virus satellite RNA
    - Beet ringspot virus satellite RNA
  - Subgroup 2: Small linear satellite RNAs
    - Cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNA
    - Cymbidium ringspot virus satellite RNA
    - Pea enation mosaic virus satellite RNA
    - Groundnut rosette virus satellite RNA
    - Panicum mosaic virus small satellite RNA
    - Peanut stunt virus satellite RNA
    - Turnip crinkle virus satellite RNA
    - Tomato bushy stunt virus satellite RNA, B10
    - Tomato bushy stunt virus satellite RNA, B1
  - Subgroup 3: Circular satellite RNAs or "virusoids"
    - Arabis mosaic virus small satellite RNA
    - Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV satellite RNA
    - Chicory yellow mottle virus satellite RNA
    - Hepatitis D satellite virus RNA
    - Lucerne transient streak virus satellite RNA
    - Solanum nodiflorum mottle virus satellite RNA
    - Subterranean clover mottle virus satellite RNA
    - Tobacco ringspot virus satellite RNA
    - Velvet tobacco mottle virus satellite RNA

References

^ Bernard La Scola, Christelle Desnues, Isabelle Pagnier, Catherine Robert, Lina Barrassi, Ghislain Fournous, Michèle Merchat, Marie Suzan-Monti, Patrick Forterre, Eugene Koonin and Didier Raoult (2008). "The virophage as a unique parasite of the giant mimivirus". Nature 455 (7205): 100–4. doi:10.1038/nature07218. PMID 18690211.
^ Krupovic M, Cvirkaite-Krupovic V (2011). "Virophages or satellite viruses?". Nat Rev Microbiol 9 (11): 762–763. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2676. PMID 22016897.
^ Wayne L. Gerlach, Jamal M. Buzayan, Irving R. Schneider, George Bruening (1986). "Satellite Tobacco Ringspot Virus RNA: Biological Activity of DNA Clones and Their in Vitro Transcripts". Virology 151: 172–185. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(86)90040-1.

External links

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UpToDate Contents

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5. 遺伝性疾患の基本原則 basic principles of genetic disease

English Journal

Genetic Variability, Evolution, and Biological Effects of Grapevine fanleaf virus Satellite RNAs.

Gottula J, Lapato D, Cantilina K, Saito S, Bartlett B, Fuchs M.AbstractABSTRACT Large satellite RNAs (type B satRNAs) of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) from the genus Nepovirus, family Secoviridae were identified in a naturally infected vineyard and a grapevine germplasm collection. These GFLV satRNA variants had a higher nucleotide sequence identity with satRNAs of Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) strains NW and J86 (93.8 to 94.6%) than with the satRNA of GFLV strain F13 and those of other ArMV strains (68.3 to 75.0%). Phylogenetic analyses showed no distinction of GFLV and ArMV satRNAs with respect to the identity of the helper virus. Seven stretches of 8 to 15 conserved nucleotides (I-VII) were identified in the 5' region of subgroup A nepovirus genomic RNAs GFLV, ArMV, and Grapevine deformation virus) and nepovirus type B satRNAs, including previously reported motif I, suggesting that large satRNAs might have originated from recombination between an ancestral subgroup A nepovirus RNA and an unknown RNA sequence with the 5' region acting as a putative cis-replication element. A comparative analysis of two GFLV strains carrying or absent of satRNAs showed no discernable effect on virus accumulation and symptom expression in Chenopodium quinoa, a systemic herbaceous host. This work sheds light on the origin and biological effects of large satRNAs associated with subgroup A nepoviruses.
Phytopathology.Phytopathology.2013 Nov;103(11):1180-1187.
ABSTRACT Large satellite RNAs (type B satRNAs) of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) from the genus Nepovirus, family Secoviridae were identified in a naturally infected vineyard and a grapevine germplasm collection. These GFLV satRNA variants had a higher nucleotide sequence identity with satRNAs of Ar
PMID 23718838

Viroid-like RNAs from cherry trees affected by leaf scorch disease: further data supporting their association with mycoviral double-stranded RNAs.

Minoia S, Navarro B, Covelli L, Barone M, García-Becedas MT, Ragozzino A, Alioto D, Flores R, Di Serio F.SourceIstituto di Virologia Vegetale del CNR, 70126, Bari, Italy.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2013 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]
Cherry trees from Spain affected by cherry leaf scorch (CLS), a fungal disease proposed to be caused by Apiognomonia erythrostoma, show symptoms (translucent-chlorotic leaf spots evolving into rusty areas) very similar to those of cherry chlorotic rusty spot disease (CCRS) and Amasya cherry disease,
PMID 24077656

Divergence of Repetitive DNA Sequences in the Heterochromatin of Medaka Fishes: Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of Constitutive Heterochromatin in Two Medaka Species: Oryzias hubbsi and O. celebensis (Adrianichthyidae, Beloniformes).

Uno Y, Asada Y, Nishida C, Takehana Y, Sakaizumi M, Matsuda Y.SourceLaboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
Cytogenetic and genome research.Cytogenet Genome Res.2013 Sep 12. [Epub ahead of print]
The large biarmed chromosomes of Oryzias celebensis [2n = 36, fundamental arm number (FN) = 48] are considered to have resulted from fusions of acrocentric chromosomes in the ancestral karyotype of Oryzias, which is retained in O. hubbsi (2n = 48, FN = 48). To understand the molecular evolution of h
PMID 24028862

Japanese Journal

Effects of Downregulating DNA Methyltransferase 1 Transcript by RNA Interference on DNA Methylation Status of the Satellite I Region and In Vitro Development of Bovine Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos

Yamanaka Ken-ichi,Sakatani Miki,Kubota Kaiyu [他],BALBOULA Ahmed Zaky,SAWAI Ken,TAKAHASHI Masashi
The Journal of reproduction and development 57(3), 393-402, 2011-06-01
… Here, we investigated the effects of silencing DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mRNA by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the DNA methylation status of the satellite I region and in vitro development of bovine NT embryos. … Next, the levels of DNA methylation of the satellite I region were analyzed at several time points after in vitro culture. …
NAID 10029050711

A Viral Satellite RNA Induces Yellow Symptoms on Tobacco by Targeting a Gene Involved in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis using the RNA Silencing Machinery

Shimura Hanako,Pantaleo Vitantonio,Ishihara Takeaki,Myojo Nobutoshi,Inaba Jun-ichi,Sueda Kae,Burgyán József,Masuta Chikara
PLoS Pathogens 7(5), e1002021, 2011-05-05
… Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Y satellite RNA (Y-sat) is a non-coding subviral RNA and modifies the typical symptom induced by CMV in specific hosts; … Our findings provide direct evidence that the identified siRNAs derived from viral satellite RNA directly modulate the viral disease symptom by RNA silencing-based regulation of a host gene. …
NAID 120003059662

ヒト・デジタル言語のOSI参照モデルによる解析 : デジタル言語学(センサーネットワーク・環境・エコロジー,インターネットと環境・エコロジー,一般)

得丸公明
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. IA, インターネットアーキテクチャ 110(349), 37-42, 2010-12-10
… これまでに多くの研究者がヒト言語の本質を示す原理を求めてきたが見つかっていない.筆者は,DNAとRNAの4元塩基によって遺伝情報を伝える「デジタル原理」が,音節と呼ばれる100ほどもある多値デジタル信号を使う言語においても適用されているとする「デジタル言語」仮説に賛同しそれを提唱する.情報源符号化過程においては,音節のもつダイナミック・レンジ(1シンボルが約7bitに相当)によって,わずか数音節で百万も …
NAID 110008675529