WordNet

a person who rules or commands; "swayer of the universe" (同)swayer
a leader or ruler who is chosen by a despot to head a government (同)puppet leader
the position of ruler
mark or draw with a ruler; "rule the margins"
keep in check; "rule ones temper" (同)harness, rein
the duration of a monarchs or governments power; "during the rule of Elizabeth"
measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths (同)ruler
(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems; "he determined the upper bound with Descartes rule of signs"; "he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials" (同)formula
(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice (同)linguistic rule
prescribed guide for conduct or action (同)prescript
a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior; "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast"; "short haircuts were the regulation" (同)regulation
any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order; "the rule of St. Dominic"
directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted; "he knew the rules of chess"
decide with authority; "The King decreed that all firstborn males should be killed" (同)decree
decide on and make a declaration about; "find someone guilty" (同)find
have an affinity with; of signs of the zodiac

PrepTutorEJDIC

『支配者』,統治者 / 『定規』
〈C〉『規則』,規定;法則 / 〈C〉『慣例』,慣習;通例,通則 / 〈U〉『支配』,統治;統治期間;統治権 / 〈C〉ものさし,定規(ruler) / 〈国・人など〉‘を'『支配する』,統治する,統御する / 《しばしば受動態で》〈感情などが〉〈人,人の行動など〉‘を'左右する,動かす / 〈裁判所・裁判官などが〉…‘と'裁決する,決定する / 〈紙〉‘に'線を引く / (…を)『支配する』,統治する《+『over』+『名』》 / (…について)裁決する,判定する《+『on』+『名』》;(…に反対の)裁決をする《+『against』+『名』(do『ing』)》・〈米俗〉抜群である、最高である

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/16 00:18:38」(JST)

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A variety of rulers

A 2-meter carpenter's rule

Retractable flexible rule or tape measure

A closeup of a steel rule

A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is an instrument used in geometry, technical drawing, printing as well as engineering and building to measure distances or to rule straight lines. The ruler is a straightedge which may also contain calibrated lines to measure distances.^[1]

Types

Gilded Bronze Ruler - 1 chi = 23.1 cm. Western Han (206 BCE - CE 8). Hanzhong City, China

Bronze ruler. Han dynasty, 206 BCE to CE 220. Excavated in Zichang County, China

Rulers have long been made of different materials and in a wide range of sizes. Some are wooden. Plastics have also been used since they were invented; they can be molded with length markings instead of being scribed. Metal is used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop; sometimes a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the edge when used for straight-line cutting. 12 inches or 30 cm in length is useful for a ruler to be kept on a desk to help in drawing. Shorter rulers are convenient for keeping in a pocket.^[2] Longer rulers, e.g., 18 inches (45 cm) are necessary in some cases. Rigid wooden or plastic yardsticks, 1 yard long and meter sticks, 1 meter long, are also used. Classically, long measuring rods were used for larger projects, now superseded by tape measure or laser rangefinders.

Desk rulers are used for three main purposes: to measure, to aid in drawing straight lines and as a straight guide for cutting and scoring with a blade. Practical rulers have distance markings along their edges.

A line gauge is a type of ruler used in the printing industry. These may be made from a variety of materials, typically metal or clear plastic. Units of measurement on a basic line gauge usually include inches, agate, picas, and points. More detailed line gauges may contain sample widths of lines, samples of common type in several point sizes, etc.

Measuring instruments similar in function to rulers are made portable by folding (carpenter's folding rule) or retracting into a coil (metal tape measure) when not in use. When extended for use they are straight, like a ruler. The illustrations on this page show a 2-meter carpenter's rule which folds down to a length of 24 cm to easily fit in a pocket, and a 5-meter-long tape which retracts into a small housing.

A flexible length measuring instrument which is not necessarily straight in use is the tailor's fabric tape measure, a length of tape calibrated in inches and centimeters. It is used to measure around a solid body, e.g., a person's waist measurement, as well as linear measurement, e.g., inside leg. It is rolled up when not in use, taking up little space.

A contraction rule is made having larger divisions than standard measures to allow for shrinkage of a metal casting. They may also be known as a 'shrinkage or shrink rule.^[3]

A ruler software program can be used to measure pixels on a computer screen or mobile phone. These programs are also known as screen rulers.

Ruler applications in geometry

In geometry, a ruler without any marks on it (a straightedge) may be used only for drawing straight lines between points. A straightedge is also used to help draw accurate graphs and tables.

A ruler and compass construction refers to constructions using an unmarked ruler and a compass. It is possible to bisect an angle into two equal parts with ruler and compass. It can be proved, though, that it is impossible to divide an angle into three equal parts using only a compass and straightedge — the problem of angle trisection. However, should two marks be allowed on the ruler, the problem becomes solvable.

History

A wooden carpenter's rule and other tools found on board the 16th century carrack Mary Rose

In the history of measurement many distance units have been used which were based on human body parts such as the cubit, hand and foot and these units varied in length by era and location.^[4] In the late 18th century the metric system came into use and has been adopted almost all countries in the world. Rulers made of Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilization period prior to 1500 BC.^[5] Excavations at Lothal (2400 BC) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about ¹⁄₁₆ inch (1.6 millimetres).^[5] Ian Whitelaw holds that the Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 millimetres) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy, to within 0.005 inches (0.13 millimetres). Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.^[6]

Anton Ullrich invented the folding ruler in 1851.

Curved and flexible rulers

The equivalent of a ruler for drawing or reproducing a smooth curve, where it takes the form of a rigid template, is known as a French curve. A flexible device which can be bent to the desired shape is known as a flat spline, or (in its more modern incarnation) a flexible curve. Historically, a flexible lead rule used by masons that could be bent to the curves of a molding was known as a lesbian rule.^[7]

Philosophy

Ludwig Wittgenstein famously used rulers as an example in his discussion of language games in the Philosophical Investigations. He pointed out that the standard meter bar in Paris was the criterion against which all other rulers were determined to be one meter long, but that there was no analytical way to demonstrate that the standard meter bar itself was one meter long. It could only be asserted as one meter as part of a language game.

Sticking to the ruler's marks

When using a ruler use the smallest mark as the first estimated digit. For example if a ruler's smallest mark is cm, and 4.5 cm is read, it is 4.5 (±0.1) or range 4.4 to 4.6 cm.

The overall length of a ruler may not be accurate within the degree of the smallest mark and the marks may be imperfectly spaced within each unit. With both of these errors in mind, reading between the marks (to 4.55) does not increase one's confidence in the overall reading and may make it worse.

References

^ Dictionary.com definition
^ "Steel Rule Has Pocket Clip For Use As A Depth Gauge" Popular Science, December 1935 pg.887 bottom right
^ contraction rule Retrieved May 15, 2013
^ Klein, Herbert A.. The science of measurement: a historical survey. Reprint, unabridged, corr. republ. der Ausg. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1974. ed. New York, NY: Dover, 1988. Print.
^ ^a ^b Whitelaw, p. 14.
^ Whitelaw, p. 15.
^ "lesbian, adj. and n.". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (subscription required)

Bibliography

Whitelaw, Ian (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-37026-1.

External links

Simulator of use and reading of ruler or line gauge

Look up ruler in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Length measuring devices.

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The mesenchymal, clear cell, and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma subtypes are extremely rare, together constituting 10% to 15% of all chondrosarcomas. Their poor prognosis and lack of efficacious treatment emphasizes the need to elucidate the pathways playing a pivotal role in these tumors. We const
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What is already known about this subject Sagittal diameter (SAD), i.e. the mid height of the abdomen when lying down, has been reported to correlate to visceral fat, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in adults. SAD seems to be the best anthropometric predictor of cardiovascular risk
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Japanese Journal

現代における郷土教育モデルの構想 ―郷土教育の基盤としての自己教育及び家庭教育の意義―

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大阪教育大学紀要　第Ⅳ部門　教育科学 63(1), 1-10, 2014-09-30
… A construction by using only a ruler without scale and a compass is very interesting. …
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… Machiavelli shows how the ruler manipulates the commonplace to embrace his private interests as the social needs. … This study investigates rhetoric of Machiavellian politics in the attempt to reveal ways in which the ruler guides people to identify with his private interests. … This section alsoexamines their notions of commonplace, deductive reasoning based on opinion, and identification will reveal techniques of the ruler to use the commonplace to guide people to accept his private aims. …
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