rotator cuff

ローテーターカフ

WordNet

1. hit with the hand (同)whomp
2. the lap consisting of a turned-back hem encircling the end of the sleeve or leg (同)turnup

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (服・ワイシャツの)ソデ口;(ワイシャツの)カフス / 《米》(ズボンのすその)折り返し(《英》turn-up) / 《複数形で》手錠
2. 平手打ち / …'を'平手で打つ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/26 00:44:34」(JST)

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Rotator cuff
Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula, and the Triceps brachii.
The scapular and circumflex arteries.

In anatomy, the rotator cuff (sometimes incorrectly called a "rotator cup", "rotor cuff", or rotary cup) is a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. The four muscles of the rotator cuff are over half of the seven scapulohumeral muscles.

Function

The rotator cuff muscles are important in shoulder movements and in maintaining glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) stability. These muscles arise from the scapula and connect to the head of the humerus, forming a cuff at the shoulder joint. They hold the head of the humerus in the small and shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula. The glenohumeral joint has been analogously described as a golf ball (head of the humerus) sitting on a golf tee (glenoid fossa).

During abduction of the arm, moving it outward and away from the trunk, the rotator cuff compresses the glenohumeral joint, a term known as concavity compression, in order to allow the large deltoid muscle to further elevate the arm. In other words, without the rotator cuff, the humeral head would ride up partially out of the glenoid fossa, lessening the efficiency of the deltoid muscle. The anterior and posterior directions of the glenoid fossa are more susceptible to shear force perturbations as the glenoid fossa is not as deep relative to the superior and inferior directions. The rotator cuff's contributions to concavity compression and stability vary according to their stiffness and the direction of the force they apply upon the joint.

Despite stabilizing the glenohumeral joint and controlling humeral head translation, the rotator cuff muscles also perform multiple functions, including abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation of the shoulder. The infraspinatus and subscapularis have significant roles in scapular plane shoulder abduction (scaption), generating forces that are two to three times greater than the force produced by the supraspinatus muscle. However, the supraspinatus is more effective for general shoulder abduction because of its moment arm. The anterior portion of the supraspinatus tendon is submitted to significantly greater load and stress, and performs its mainfunctional role.

Muscles comprising rotator cuff

Muscle	Origin on scapula	Attachment on humerus	Function	Innervation
Supraspinatus muscle	supraspinous fossa	superior and middle facet of the greater tuberosity	abducts the arm	Suprascapular nerve (C5)
Infraspinatus muscle	infraspinous fossa	posterior facet of the greater tuberosity	externally rotates the arm	Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)
Teres minor muscle	middle half of lateral border	inferior facet of the greater tuberosity	externally rotates the arm	Axillary nerve (C5)
Subscapularis muscle	subscapular fossa	lesser tuberosity (60%) or humeral neck (40%)	internally rotates the humerus	Upper and Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6)

The supraspinatus muscle fans out in a horizontal band to insert on the superior and middle facets of the greater tubercle. The greater tubercle projects as the most lateral structure of the humeral head. Medial to this, in turn, is the lesser tuberosity of the humeral head. The subscapularis muscle origin is divided from the remainder of the rotator cuff origins as it is deep to the scapula.

Injuries

Rotator cuff tear

Main article: Rotator cuff tear

The tendons at the ends of the rotator cuff muscles can become torn, leading to pain and restricted movement of the arm. A torn rotator cuff can occur following a trauma to the shoulder or it can occur through the "wear and tear" on tendons, most commonly the supraspinatus tendon found under the acromion.

Rotator cuff injuries are commonly associated with motions that require repeated overhead motions or forceful pulling motions. Such injuries are frequently sustained by athletes whose actions include making repetitive throws, athletes such as cheerleaders, baseball pitchers, softball pitchers, American football players (especially quarterbacks), weightlifters, especially powerlifters due to extreme weights used in the bench press, rugby players, volleyball players (due to their swinging motions),^{[citation needed]} water polo players, rodeo team ropers, shot put throwers (due to using poor technique),^{[citation needed]} swimmers, boxers, kayakers, western martial artists, fast bowlers in cricket, tennis players (due to their service motion)^{[citation needed]} and tenpin bowlers due to the repetitive swinging motion of the arm with the weight of a bowling ball.

This type of injury also commonly affects orchestra conductors, choral conductors, and drummers (due, again, to swinging motions).

Rotator cuff impingement

Main article: Impingement syndrome

A systematic review of relevant research found that the accuracy of the physical examination is low. The Hawkins-Kennedy test has a sensitivity of approximately 80% to 90% for detecting impingement. The infraspinatus and supraspinatus tests have a specificity of 80% to 90%.

Treatment

Reduce pain and swelling

As with all muscle injuries, R.I.C.E. is an initial response to injury recommended by health providers:

• Rest means ceasing movement of the affected area.
• Icing uses ice to reduce inflammation.
• Compression limits the swelling.
• Elevation involves placing the area higher to reduce inflammation and swelling.

Cold compression therapy shoulder wraps facilitate the icing and compression of an otherwise difficult body area to ice and compress.

Depending on severity of symptoms, further imaging with radiograph, or MRI may be warranted to see if surgery or an underlying bone injury exists.

Posture and sleeping positions

Postures and sleeping positions may be modified to provide relief. But as your shoulder begins to heal, sleeping positions may vary considerably.

Strengthening

The rotator cuff can be strengthened to rehabilitate shoulder injuries, and prevent future ones. There are different exercises to target the individual rotator cuff muscles.

Description	Beginning	End
The most effective is the side-lying external rotation, which activates the supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus and teres minor. Lie on a bench sideways, with the affected arm next to the side and flexed about 90 degrees at the elbow. Rotate the upper arm outward, keeping the elbow flexed and the arm close to the body, until the lower arm is perpendicular to the ceiling (see picture). For added resistance, use a dumbbell. Pace at two seconds out and four seconds back. This is an excellent all-around shoulder exercise.
The propped external rotator targets the infraspinatus and teres minor. Sit perpendicular to the dumbbell with arm flexed at 90 degrees at the elbow, and the forearm resting parallel on the dumbbell. Raise the dumbbell up until the forearm points up. Slowly lower the dumbbell and repeat, exercising both arms. The posterior deltoid also aids in external rotation. Like the posterior deltoid, both the infraspinatus and teres minor also contribute to transverse extension of the shoulder, such as during a bent over row to the chest. They can be trained in this way besides isolating the external rotation action.
The lateral raise with internal rotation (LRIR) primarily targets the supraspinatus. Grasping a dumbbell in each hand, internally rotate the arms so that the thumbs point towards the floor when extended (as if emptying a drink into a bin). Raise the arms sideways, keeping the thumbs pointing downwards, until the dumbbells are just below the shoulders. This exercise is sometimes called a lateral raise.

Strengthening the rotator cuff allows for increased loads in a variety of exercises. When weightlifters are unable to increase the weight they can lift on a pushing exercise (such as the bench press or military press) for an extended period of time, strengthening the rotator cuff can often allow them to begin making gains again. It also prevents future injuries to the glenohumeral joint, balancing the often-dominant internal rotators with stronger external rotators. Finally, exercising the rotator cuff can lead to improved posture, as without exercise to the external rotator, the internal rotators can see a shortening, leading to tightness. This often manifests itself as rounded shoulders.

Non-Operative Treatment

Non-operative treatment is often the first line of treatment for rotator cuff injuries. If the tendons are strained or torn less than 50%, they respond well to an aggressive non-operative approach. Non-operative measures can include physical therapy, oral or injected medications, biologic augmentation such as PRP, ultrasound therapy, dry needling, and other modalities. It will often take 3 months to recover with non-operative measures.

Surgery

Even for full thickness rotator cuff tears, conservative care (i.e., non-surgical treatment) outcomes are usually reasonably good. However, many patients still suffer disability and pain despite non-surgical therapies. For massive tears of the rotator cuff, surgery has shown durable outcomes on 10 year follow-up. However, the same study demonstrated ongoing and progressive fatty atrophy and repeat tears of the rotator cuff. Shen has shown that MRI evidence of fatty atrophy in the rotator cuff prior to surgery is predicative of a poor surgical outcome. If the rotator cuff is completely torn, surgery is usually required to reattach the tendon to the bone.

Surgery for the Rotator Cuff

Surgery for the rotator cuff can be for complete tears, or partial tears/strains that fail to get better. If a torn rotator cuff goes untreated for too long, it may become un-repairable and so shoulder pain should not be ignored. Surgery often consists of removing damaged tissue and repairing the good tissue back to the bone. Bone spurs and inflammation (bursitis) is also removed to try to prevent re-tears. all arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs can fix most tears through 4-5 small incisions. On occasion a patch needs to be placed on the rotator cuff tendons which requires a larger incision. Many times, the biceps tendon is damaged with rotator cuff tears and may also require biceps tenodesis surgery at the same time.

Rehab

The rehab for rotator cuff surgery falls into three basic categories; some damage to the tendons with surgery consisting of debridement, removing spurs and cleaning out inflammation, tears requiring repair with excellent quality tendon tissue, and tears requiring repair with poor quality tendon tissue. The first category, rehab consists of early active and passive range of motion exercises focused on maintaining range of motion for 4 weeks and then strengthening and return to sports from weeks 4-8. Repaired tendons with excellent quality will begin full passive motion early, start active motion from weeks 4-8, strengthening from 8-12 and return to sports after 3–4 months. Repairs with poor tissue quality will have no motion early on, start passive motion after 2–4 weeks, active at 6–8 weeks, strengthening at 4 months and return to sports at 6 months. Your doctor will guide you through the rehabilitation process.

Imaging

Shoulder imaging

There are several ways to depict the structures of the shoulder, which consist of muscles, tendons, bones, cartilage and soft tissue. When deciding which medical imaging technique should be used, there are a couple of factors that need to be taken into account. Firstly, one has to consider the suspected clinical diagnosis. Together with the knowledge of the advantages and limitations of the various medical imaging techniques ( i.e. conventional radiography, ultrasound, computer tomography and magnetic resonance), one has to make an informed decision which technique would best suit the specific situation.
Hodler et al. recommend to start scanning with conventional x-rays taken from at least two planes, since this method gives a wide first impression and even has the chance of exposing any frequent shoulder pathologies, i.e. decompensated rotator cuff tears, tendinitis calcarea, dislocations, fractures, usures and/or osteophytes. Furthermore, x-rays are required for the planning of an optimal CT or MR image.
Conventional x-rays and ultrasonography are the primary tools used to confirm a diagnosis of injuries sustained to the rotator cuff. For extended clinical questions, imaging through Magnetic Resonance with or without intraarticular contrast agent is indicated.
The conventional invasive arthrography is now-a-days being replaced by the non-invasive MRI and US and is used as an imaging reserve for patients who are contraindicated for MRI, for example pacemaker-carriers with an unclear and unsure ultrasonography.

Conventional x-rays

a.-p.-projection 40° posterior oblique after Grashey

CR. shoulder x-ray, a.p.

The scapula should be positioned parallel to the x-ray film. The body has to be rotated about 30 to 45 degrees towards the shoulder to be imaged, and the standing or sitting patient lets the arm hang.
This method allows the diagnostician to judge:

• The joint gap and the vertical alignment towards the socket.

The humerus head should be aligned in the neutral position and external rotation in a way towards the socket, that a fictive continuous line can be seen. This line is called Bandi line, otherwise known as the Ménard-Shenton line. A discontinuous line alludes to a cranial decentralization of the humerus head.

Transaxillary projection

Transaxillary conventional radiography

Transaxillary projection. Schematic drawing. After "Orthopedic radiology: a practical approach; Adam Greenspan; ISBN 0-7817-1589-X, 9780781715898"

The arm should be abduced 80 to 100 degrees at a precise defined scapular or frontal plane.
This method allows the diagnostician to judge:

• The horizontal alignment of the humerus head in respect to the socket, and the lateral clavicle in respect to the acromion.
• Lesions of the anterior and posterior socket border or of the tuberculum minus.
• The eventual non-closure of the acromial apophysis.
• The coraco-humeral interval

Y-projection

Y-projection conventional radiography

The lateral contour of the shoulder should be positioned in front of the film in a way that the longitudinal axis of the scapula continues parallel to the path of the rays.
This method allows the diagnostician to judge:

• The horizontal centralization of the humerus head and socket.
• The osseous margins of the coraco-acromial arch and hence the supraspinatus outlet canal.
• The shape of the acromion

This Y-projection can be traced back to Wijnblath’s 1933 published cavitas-en-face projection.
It must be pointed out that this projection has a low tolerance for errors and accordingly needs proper execution.

Ultrasound

There are several solid advantages of ultrasound. It is relatively cheap, does not emit any radiation, is accessible, is capable of visualizing tissue function in real time and allows to the performing of provocative maneuvers in order to replicate the patient’s pain. Those apparent benefits have helped ultrasound become a common initial choice for assessing tendons and soft tissues. Limitations include, for example, the high degree of operator dependence and the inability to define pathologies in bones. One also has to have an extensive anatomical knowledge of the examined region and keep an open mind to normal variations and artifacts created during the scan.
Although musculoskeletal ultrasound training, like medical training in general, is a lifelong process, Kissin et al. suggest that rheumatologists who taught themselves how to manipulate ultrasound can use it just as well as international musculo-skeletal ultrasound experts to diagnose common rheumatic conditions.
After the introduction of high-frequency transducers in the mid-eighties, ultrasound has become a conventional tool for taking accurate and precise images of the shoulder to support diagnosis.
Adequate for the examination are high-resolution, high-frequency transducers with a transmission frequency of 5, 7.5 and 10 MHz. To improve the focus on structures close to the skin an additional „water start-up length“ is advisable. During the examination the patient is asked to be seated, the affected arm is then adducted and the elbow is bent to 90 degrees. Slow and cautious passive lateral and/or medial rotations have the effect of being able to visualize different sections of the shoulder. In order to also demonstrate those parts which are hidden under the acromion in the neutral position, a maximum medial rotation with hyperextension behind the back is required.
To avoid the different tendon echogenicities caused by different instrument settings, Middleton compared the tendon’s echogenicity with that of the deltoid muscle, which is still lege artis.
Usually the echogenicity compared to the deltoid muscle is homogeneous intensified without dorsal echo extinction. Variability with reduced or intensified echo has also been found in healthy tendons. Bilateral comparison is very helpful when distinguishing and setting boundaries between physiological variants and a possible pathological finding. Degenerative changes at the rotator cuff often are found on both sides of the body. Consequently unilateral differences rather point to a pathological source and bilateral changes rather to a physiological variation.
In addition, a dynamic examination can help to differentiate between an ultrasound artifact and a real pathology.
To accurately evaluate the echogenicity of an ultrasound, one has to take into account the physical laws of reflection, absorption and dispersion. It is at all times important to acknowledge that the structures in the joint of the shoulder are not aligned in the transversal, coronal or sagittal plane, and that therefore during imaging of the shoulder the transducer head has to be hold perpendicularly or parallel to the structures of interest. Otherwise the appearing echogenicity may not be evaluated.
Orientation-aid for the longitudinal plane:
As an aid to orientation, it is advisable to begin the examination with the delineation of the acromion, as it is easy to palpate and it has an identifiable echo extinction. To adjust the longitudinal plane image the way it is known in the x-rays and the physical examination, the acromion has to be visible at the image border.
Orientation-aid for the transversal plane:
Again it is advantageous to start above the acromion and then move the transducer to the humerus. The acromion echo extinction disappears and the wheel-like figure with almost concentric projection of the deltoid muscle, supraspinatus muscle tendon and humeral head-outline turns up as soon as the transducer is directed perpendicularly and parallel to the acromion edge. Using the anterior transversal plane one can depict the intraarticular part of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle. Additionally one can use the posterior transversal plane to depict the intersection of the infraspinatus muscle tendon and the posterior edge of the fossa.

	usual longitudinal front vision	usual longitudinal back vision	usual transversal side vision
supraspinatus tendon	acromion of the left shoulder in the left half of the image and vice versa. (In order to explore the entire tendon the examiner must move the transducer from ventral to dorsal perpendicular at the acromion axis. Either through a maximal medial rotation or an according position of the transducer it is possible to see the supra- infraspinatus tendon intersection.)		ventral right shoulder in the right half of the image and vice versa.
infraspinatus tendon		scapula spine of the right shoulder in the left half of the image and vice versa.

Longitudinal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon

Transversal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon

MRI

Orthopedics established early the MRI as the tool of choice for joint- and soft tissue-imaging, because its non-invasiveness, the lack of radiation exposure, multi planar slicing possibilities and the high soft tissue contrast.
The MR Imaging should provide joint details to the treating orthopedist, to help him diagnose and decide the next appropriate therapeutic step. To examine the shoulder, the patient is lying and the concerned arm is in lateral rotation. For signal detection it is recommended to use a surface-coil. To find pathologies of the rotator cuff in the basic diagnostic investigation, T2-weighted sequences with fat-suppression or STIR sequences have proven value. In general, the examination should occur in the following three main planes: axial, oblique coronal and sagittal.
Most morphological changes and injuries are sustained to the supraspinatus tendon. Traumatic rotator cuff changes are often located antero-superior, meanwhile degenerative changes more likely are supero-posterior.
Tendons are predominantly composed of dense collagen fiber bundles. Because of their extreme short T2-relaxation time they appear typically signal-weak, respectively, dark. Degenerative changes, inflammations and also partial and complete tears cause loss of the original tendon structure. Fatty deposits, mucous degeneration and hemorrhages lead to an increased intratendinal T1-image. Edema formations, inflammatory changes and ruptures increase the signals in a T2-weighted image.

Magic angle artifact

MRI. Magic angle artifact.

Erickson et al. noticed and described a typical artifact and gave the phenomenon the name „magic angle“. The „magic angle“ describes a changed T2-relaxation time depending on the spatial orientation of the tissue to the main magnetic field. If parts of the tendon are located at the area of the magic angle at 55 degrees to the main magnetic field, their T2-relaxation time gets influenced and the signal heavily intensified. Unluckily these artifacts occupy similar areas where clinical relevant pathologies are found. To avoid a wrong diagnosis it is recommended to exclude this phenomenon in a case of doubt through a heavy T2-weighted sequence or an additional fat-suppression at a proton weighted sequence.

MRA

While using MRI, true lesions at the rotator interval region between the parts of the supraspinatus and subscapularis are all but impossible to distinguish from normal synovium and capsule.
In 1999, Weishaupt D. et al. reached through two readers a significant better visibility of pully lesions at the rotator interval and the expected location of the reflection pulley of the long biceps and subscapularis tendon on parasagittal (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/100%; specificity: 90%/70%) and axial (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/93%; specificity: 90%/80%) MRA images.
When examining the rotator cuff, the MRA has a couple of advantages compared to the native MRI. Through a fat suppressed T2-weighted spin echo, MRA can reproduce an extreme high fat-water-contrast, which helps to detect water-deposits with better damage diagnosis in structurally changed collagen fiber bundles.

Additional images

• Diagram of the human shoulder joint

• Suprascapular and axillary nerves of right side, seen from behind.

• The suprascapular, axillary, and radial nerves.

See also

• Shoulder problems

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 回旋筋腱板の腱障害 rotator cuff tendinopathy
• 2. 回旋筋腱板断裂の症状と診断 presentation and diagnosis of rotator cuff tears
• 3. 回旋筋腱板断裂のマネージメント management of rotator cuff tears
• 4. 患者情報：肩回旋筋腱板炎と肩回旋筋腱板損傷（詳細） rotator cuff tendinitis and tear beyond the basics
• 5. 肩部の身体診察 physical examination of the shoulder

English Journal

• High incidence of acute full-thickness rotator cuff tears.

• Aagaard KE1,2, Abu-Zidan F3, Lunsjo K1.
• Acta orthopaedica.Acta Orthop.2015 Oct;86(5):558-62. doi: 10.3109/17453674.2015.1022433.
• Background and purpose - Epidemiological studies of full-thickness rotator cuff tears (FTRCTs) have mainly investigated degenerative lesions. We estimated the population-based incidence of acute FTRCT using a new diagnostic model. Patients and methods - During the period November 2010 through Octobe
• PMID 25708526

• A randomised controlled trial of intravenous dexamethasone combined with interscalene brachial plexus blockade for shoulder surgery.

• Desmet M1, Vanneste B2, Reynvoet M1, Van Cauwelaert J3, Verhelst L3, Pottel H4, Missant C5, Van de Velde M5.
• Anaesthesia.Anaesthesia.2015 Oct;70(10):1180-5. doi: 10.1111/anae.13156. Epub 2015 Jun 17.
• We recruited patients scheduled for shoulder rotator cuff repair or subacromial decompression under general anaesthesia and interscalene brachial plexus blockade (30 ml ropivacaine 0.5%). We allocated 240 participants into four groups of 60 that were given pre-operative saline 0.9% or dexamethasone
• PMID 26082203

• The usefulness of the three-dimensional enhanced T1 high-resolution isotropic volume excitation MR in the evaluation of shoulder pathology: comparison with two-dimensional enhanced T1 fat saturation MR.

• Park HJ1, Lee SY1, Rho MH1, Kwon HJ1, Kim MS1, Chung EC1.
• The British journal of radiology.Br J Radiol.2015 Oct;88(1054):20140830. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20140830. Epub 2015 Aug 5.
• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) enhanced T1 high-resolution isotropic volume excitation (eTHRIVE) shoulder MR for variable shoulder pathology such as rotator cuff tear, labral injury and synovial pathology in comparison with two-dimensional enhanced fast spin
• PMID 26242410

Japanese Journal

• Does the Frequency of Passive Motion Exercises during the Early Period after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Affect the Range of Motion at 3 Months Postoperatively?

• 藤井 幸治,武田 芳嗣,橋本 郁子
• The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 50(2), 124-129, 2013
• … Objective : To investigate whether the frequency of passive motion exercises during the early period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair affects the range of motion at three months postoperatively. … Methods : We retrospectively evaluated 64 patients with rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic repair. …
• NAID 130003368044

• 肩関節腱板広範囲断裂に対する上方関節包再建術 (特集 関節鏡視下手術の最前線)

• 三幡 輝久
• 整形・災害外科 55(12), 1505-1509, 2012-11-00
• NAID 40019480300

• 鏡視下腱板修復術後の早期腱板筋訓練は腱骨癒合に影響するのか?

• 石谷 栄一,小橋 芳浩,園田 康男
• 整形外科と災害外科 61(4), 832-835, 2012-09-25
• NAID 10031013965

Related Links

• Rotator Cuff (Human Anatomy): Picture, Function, Location

WebMD's Rotator Cuff Anatomy Page provides a detailed image and definition of the rotator cuff. Learn about its function, location in the body, and conditions that affect this part of the body.

• Rotator Cuff Injury: Click for Treatment, Symptoms and Tests

Treatment of a Rotator Cuff Injury For most rotator cuff disorders, doctors recommend these steps first: Rest the shoulder. Use ice or heat on the shoulder, whichever feels better. Take anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to relieve pain ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ローテーターカフ」「回旋腱板」
関連記事	「rotator」「cuff」

「ローテーターカフ」

　　[★]

英

rotator cuff (K), rotator cuff muscle

同

腱板、回旋腱板筋、回旋筋腱板、肩回旋筋腱板

[show details]

ローテーターカフ : 約 34,500 件
回旋腱板筋 : 84 件
回旋筋腱板 : 約 12,500 件

• 図：M.392 KL.84(それぞれの筋の位置関係) K.51(矢状面)
• 上腕骨頭を関節窩に引き寄せ、肩関節を安定化させる (K.125)

ローテーターカフ

• K.124-125

肉単	筋名	起始	停止	神経	肩関節
					内転	外転	伸展	屈曲	外旋	内旋
L-13	肩甲下筋	肩甲骨(肩甲下窩)	上腕骨(小結節)	肩甲下神経				○		○
L-12	小円筋	肩甲骨(外側縁・下角)	上腕骨(大結節)	腋窩神経	○		○		○
L-10	棘上筋	肩甲骨(棘上窩)	上腕骨(大結節)	肩甲上神経		○
L-11	棘下筋	肩甲骨(棘下窩)	上腕骨(大結節)	肩甲上神経			○		○

• M.395と比較するとだいぶ違うので要調査

Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

「回旋腱板」

　　[★]

英

rotator cuff

関

回旋筋腱板

「rotator」

　　[★]

• 回転子、回転板、ローテータ

関

magnet bar、rotor

「cuff」

　　[★]

• カフ、袖口