関: respiratory tract infection、upper respiratory infection

WordNet

infection of the lower respiratory tract
(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
(phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound
the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
(international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure
moral corruption or contamination; "ambitious men are led astray by an infection that is almost unavoidable"
an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted (同)contagion, transmission
pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(病気の)伝染;感染 / 〈C〉伝染病
呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/23 11:11:36」(JST)

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Respiratory tract infection refers to any of a number of infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract. An infection of this type is normally further classified as an upper respiratory tract infection (URI or URTI) or a lower respiratory tract infection (LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, tend to be far more serious conditions than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold.

Upper respiratory tract infection

Although some disagreement exists on the exact boundary between the upper and lower respiratory tracts, the upper respiratory tract is generally considered to be the airway above the glottis or vocal cords. This includes the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.

Typical infections of the upper respiratory tract include tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, certain types of influenza, and the common cold.^[1] Symptoms of URIs can include cough, sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, headache, low grade fever, facial pressure and sneezing.

Lower respiratory tract infection

The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, and the lungs.

Lower respiratory tract infections are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections. LRIs are the leading cause of death among all infectious diseases.^[2] The two most common LRIs are bronchitis and pneumonia.^[3] Influenza affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, but more dangerous strains such as the highly pernicious H5N1 tend to bind to receptors deep in the lungs.^[4]

Diagnosis

According to Doan et al. (2010), the use of rapid viral testing in the emergency department for pediatric patients with acute febrile respiratory infections does not significantly reduce the rates of antibiotic use, blood testing, urine testing or length of hospital stay. However, the relative risk reduction of chest x-ray utilization in children screened with rapid viral testing is 77% (p=0.0029) compared with controls. ^[5] In 2013 researchers developed a breath tester that can promptly diagnose lung infections.^[6]^[7]

References

Disability-adjusted life year for respiratory infections per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.

less than 100

100-700

700-1400

1400-2100

2100-2800

2800-3500

3500-4200

4200-4900

4900-5600

5600-6300

6300-7000

more than 7000

^ Eccles MP, Grimshaw JM, Johnston M et al. (2007). "Applying psychological theories to evidence-based clinical practice: identifying factors predictive of managing upper respiratory tract infections without antibiotics". Implement Sci 2: 26. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-2-26. PMC 2042498. PMID 17683558.
^ Robert Beaglehole... et al. (2004). The World Health Report 2004 - Changing History (PDF). World Health Organization. pp. 120–4. ISBN 92-4-156265-X.
^ Antibiotic Expert Group. Therapeutic guidelines: Antibiotic. 13th ed. North Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines; 2006.
^ van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E et al. (April 2006). "H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract". Science 312 (5772): 399. doi:10.1126/science.1125548. PMID 16556800.
^ Doan, Q; Enarson, P; Kissoon, N; Klassen, TP; Johnson, DW (2012). Doan, Quynh, ed. "Rapid viral diagnosis for acute febrile respiratory illness in children in the Emergency Department". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 5: CD006452. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006452.pub3. PMID 22592711.
^ "Breath Test Could Sniff Out Infections in Minutes". Scientific American. 11 January 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
^ Zhu, Jiangjiang; Bean, Heather D; Wargo, Matthew J; Leclair, Laurie W; Hill, Jane E (2013). "Detecting bacterial lung infections:in vivoevaluation ofin vitrovolatile fingerprints". Journal of Breath Research 7 (1): 016003. doi:10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/016003. PMID 23307645.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 免疫不全患者における肺感染症 pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients
2. 成人における急性気管支炎 acute bronchitis in adults
3. 小児における非結核性抗酸菌性肺感染症の概要 overview of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections in children
4. 小児における感冒：臨床的特徴および診断 the common cold in children clinical features and diagnosis
5. 成人における急性副鼻腔炎および鼻副鼻腔炎：治療 acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis in adults treatment

English Journal

Direct electrochemical determination of Candida albicans activity.

Hassan RY, Bilitewski U.SourceHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Working Group BiSA, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Microanalysis Lab, Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Eltahrir Street, 12311-Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: rabeayy@yhaoo.com.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Nov 15;49:192-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.05.015. Epub 2013 May 15.
Despite advances made in the field, rapid detection methods for the human pathogen Candida albicans are still missing. In this regard, bio-electrochemical systems including electrochemical sensors and biosensors satisfy the increasing demand for rapid, reliable, and direct microbial analyses. In thi
PMID 23747360

Delivering and phenotyping mouse models for the respiratory community: a report on the Biochemical Society Workshop.

Dean C, Bingle C, Hind M.Source‡Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2013 Nov 1;125(10):495-500. doi: 10.1042/CS20130274.
The IMPC (International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium) was launched recently, and its aim is to develop and phenotype mouse knockouts of 4000 genes over the next 5 years and, ultimately, of all 20000 or so genes in the mouse genome. As part of the IMPC, the MRC (Medical Research Council) also launch
PMID 23855728

Human parainfluenza type 3 virus impairs the efficacy of glucocorticoids to limit allergy-induced pulmonary inflammation in guinea-pigs.

Ford WR, Blair AE, Evans RL, John E, Bugert JJ, Broadley KJ, Kidd EJ.Source*Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2013 Nov 1;125(10):471-82. doi: 10.1042/CS20130130.
Viral exacerbations of allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation in pre-clinical models reportedly reduce the efficacy of glucocorticoids to limit pulmonary inflammation and airways hyper-responsiveness to inhaled spasmogens. However, exacerbations of airway obstruction induced by allergen challenge h
PMID 23678868