レ・ーター遺伝子

WordNet

make known to the authorities; "One student reported the other to the principal"
the act of informing by verbal report; "he heard reports that they were causing trouble"; "by all accounts they were a happy couple" (同)account
a short account of the news; "the report of his speech"; "the story was on the 11 oclock news"; "the account of his speech that was given on the evening news made the governor furious" (同)news report, story, account, write_up
a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" (同)study, written report
a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing); "they heard a violent report followed by silence"
be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism; "Snow reported on China in the 1950s"; "The cub reporter covered New York City" (同)cover
to give an account or representation of in words; "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental" (同)describe, account
announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding; "Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city"; "The team reported significant advances in their research"
announce ones presence; "I report to work every day at 9 oclock"
complain about; make a charge against; "I reported her to the supervisor"
(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" (同)cistron, factor
a person who investigates and reports or edits news stories (同)newsman, newsperson
informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…についての(『報告』,『報道』《+『on』(『of』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉銃声,砲声,爆発音 / 〈U〉〈C〉うわさ,評判 / …‘を'『報告する』,『報道する』 / (上役・警察などの…のことで)〈人〉‘を'『言いつける,訴える』《+『名』〈『人』〉+『to』+『名』+『for』+『名』(doing)》 / (…について)『報告する』《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (…に)『出頭する』《+『for』(『to』)+『名』》
遺伝子
報告者,申告者 / 報道員,探訪記者 / 判決記録係

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/21 01:34:08」(JST)

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A diagram of a how a reporter gene is used to study a regulatory sequence.

In molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a gene that researchers attach to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest in bacteria, cell culture, animals or plants. Certain genes are chosen as reporters because the characteristics they confer on organisms expressing them are easily identified and measured, or because they are selectable markers. Reporter genes are often used as an indication of whether a certain gene has been taken up by or expressed in the cell or organism population.

Common reporter genes

To introduce a reporter gene into an organism, scientists place the reporter gene and the gene of interest in the same DNA construct to be inserted into the cell or organism. For bacteria or prokaryotic cells in culture, this is usually in the form of a circular DNA molecule called a plasmid. It is important to use a reporter gene that is not natively expressed in the cell or organism under study, since the expression of the reporter is being used as a marker for successful uptake of the gene of interest.

Commonly used reporter genes that induce visually identifiable characteristics usually involve fluorescent and luminescent proteins. Examples include the gene that encodes jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP), which causes cells that express it to glow green under blue light, the enzyme luciferase, which catalyzes a reaction with luciferin to produce light, and the red fluorescent protein from the gene dsRed. The GUS gene has been commonly used in plants but luciferase and GFP are becoming more common.^[1]

A common reporter in bacteria is the E. coli lacZ gene, which encodes the protein beta-galactosidase. This enzyme causes bacteria expressing the gene to appear blue when grown on a medium that contains the substrate analog X-gal. An example of a selectable-marker which is also a reporter in bacteria is the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, which confers resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol.

Gene name	Gene product	Assay	Ref.
lacZ	β-galactosidase	enzyme assay or Histochemical
cat	Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	Chloramphenicol acetylation
gfp	Green fluorescent protein	Fluorescent
rfp	Red fluorescent protein	microscopical, spectrophotometry	^[2]

Transformation and transfection assays

Many methods of transfection and transformation - two ways of expressing a foreign or modified gene in an organism - are effective in only a small percentage of a population subjected to the techniques. Thus, a method for identifying those few successful gene uptake events is necessary. Reporter genes used in this way are normally expressed under their own promoter independent from that of the introduced gene of interest; the reporter gene can be expressed constitutively (that is, it is "always on") or inducibly with an external intervention such as the introduction of IPTG in the β-galactosidase system. As a result, the reporter gene's expression is independent of the gene of interest's expression, which is an advantage when the gene of interest is only expressed under certain specific conditions or in tissues that are difficult to access.

In the case of selectable-marker reporters such as CAT, the transfected population of bacteria can be grown on a substrate that contains chloramphenicol. Only those cells that have successfully taken up the construct containing the CAT gene will survive and multiply under these conditions.

Gene expression assays

Reporter genes can also be used to assay for the expression of the gene of interest, which may produce a protein that has little obvious or immediate effect on the cell culture or organism. In these cases the reporter is directly attached to the gene of interest to create a gene fusion. The two genes are under the same promoter elements and are transcribed into a single messenger RNA molecule. The mRNA is then translated into protein. In these cases it is important that both proteins be able to properly fold into their active conformations and interact with their substrates despite being fused. In building the DNA construct, a segment of DNA coding for a flexible polypeptide linker region is usually included so that the reporter and the gene product will only minimally interfere with one another.

Promoter assays

Reporter genes can be used to assay for the activity of a particular promoter in a cell or organism. In this case there is no separate "gene of interest"; the reporter gene is simply placed under the control of the target promoter and the reporter gene product's activity is quantitatively measured. The results are normally reported relative to the activity under a "consensus" promoter known to induce strong gene expression.

Further uses

A more complex usage of reporter genes on a large scale is in two-hybrid screening, which aims to identify proteins that natively interact with one another in vivo.

References

^ Koo, J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, J.; Yeom, M.; Lee, I. C.; Nam, H. G. (2007). "A GUS/Luciferase Fusion Reporter for Plant Gene Trapping and for Assay of Promoter Activity with Luciferin-Dependent Control of the Reporter Protein Stability". Plant and Cell Physiology 48 (8): 1121–1131. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm081. PMID 17597079. edit
^ Nordgren, I. K.; Tavassoli, A (2014). "A bidirectional fluorescent two-hybrid system for monitoring protein-protein interactions". Molecular BioSystems 10 (3): 485–90. doi:10.1039/c3mb70438f. PMID 24382456. edit

External links

Research highlights and updated information on reporter genes.
Staining Whole Mouse Embryos for β-Galactosidase (lacZ) Activity

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Transcriptional regulation of the mouse CD11c promoter by AP-1 complex with JunD and Fra2 in dendritic cells.

Hara M, Yokoyama H, Fukuyama K, Kitamura N, Shimokawa N, Maeda K, Kanada S, Ito T, Usui Y, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Nishiyama M, Nishiyama C.SourceAtopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2013 Mar;53(3):295-301. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.004. Epub 2012 Sep 16.
CD11c, a member of the β(2) integrin family of adhesion molecule, is expressed on the surface of myeloid lineages and activated lymphoid cells and forms a heterodimeric receptor with CD18. We analyzed the mouse CD11c promoter structure to elucidate the transcriptional regulation in dendritic cells
PMID 22990073

A whole-cell biosensor as in vitro alternative to skin irritation tests.

Hofmann U, Michaelis S, Winckler T, Wegener J, Feller KH.SourceDepartment of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Jan 15;39(1):156-62. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.075. Epub 2012 Aug 8.
This study presents the time-resolved detection of chemically induced stress upon intracellular signaling cascades by using genetically modified sensor cells based on the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. The cells were stably transfected with a HSP72-GFP reporter gene construct to create an optic
PMID 22917920

Japanese Journal

ビフィズス菌との相互作用で誘導される大腸菌遺伝子の同定と発現制御

小島渓晃,KOJIMA Taniaki
法政大学大学院紀要（理工学・工学研究科編） (56), 2015-03-24
… coli, including uhpT gene. … Northern blotting and reporter analyses confirmed that signal(s) in BLCM, which is stable at between 37oCto 25oC,induceduhpT promoter in the dependent manner of UhpAB two-component system. …
NAID 120005616096

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of protocorm-like bodies in Dendrobium Formidible 'Ugusu'

Phlaetita Wasana,Chin Dong Poh,Tokuhara Ken,Nakamura Ikuo,Mii Masahiro
Plant Biotechnology advpub(0), 2015
… tumefaciens strain EHA101 (pIG121Hm) harboring hygromycin phosphotranferase (hpt) and neomycin phosphotranferase II (nptII) genes as selectable marker gene and β-glucuronidase (gus) gene as a reporter gene. …
NAID 130005089003

Tandemly Repeated Peptide for Cancer-specific Gene Carrier Prepared by Native Chemical Ligation

Funamoto Daiki,Asai Daisuke,Kim Chan Woo,Nakamura Yuta,Lee Eun Kyung,Nobori Takanobu,Niidome Takuro,Mori Takeshi,Katayama Yoshiki
Chemistry Letters 44(4), 474-476, 2015
… We reported here a preparation of a cancer-specific gene carrier by native chemical ligation of a substrate peptide of protein kinase Cα (PKCα), which highly expresses in many types of cancer. … The carrier successfully regulated the reporter gene expression responding to the phosphorylation of its serine residues. …
NAID 130005062141