v.

拒絶する、拒否する

関: deny、refusal、reject、rejection

WordNet

refuse to accept; "He refused my offer of hospitality" (同)reject, pass_up, turn_down, decline
show unwillingness towards; "he declined to join the group on a hike" (同)decline
(medicine) an immunological response that refuses to accept substances or organisms that are recognized as foreign; "rejection of the transplanted liver"
the state of being rejected
the act of rejecting something; "his proposals were met with rejection"
the speech act of rejecting
refuse to recognize or acknowledge; "Peter denied Jesus"
deny oneself (something); restrain, especially from indulging in some pleasure; "She denied herself wine and spirits" (同)abnegate
refuse to let have; "She denies me every pleasure"; "he denies her her weekly allowance" (同)refuse
declare untrue; contradict; "He denied the allegations"; "She denied that she had taken money"
refuse to accept or believe; "He denied his fatal illness"
refuse to grant, as of a petition or request; "The dean denied the students request for more physics courses"; "the prisoners were denied the right to exercise for more than 2 hours a day"
refuse to accept or acknowledge; "I reject the idea of starting a war"; "The journal rejected the students paper"
reject with contempt; "She spurned his advances" (同)spurn, freeze off, scorn, pooh-pooh, disdain, turn_down
refuse entrance or membership; "They turned away hundreds of fans"; "Black people were often rejected by country clubs" (同)turn_down, turn_away, refuse
a message refusing to accept something that is offered
the act of refusing

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『断る』,拒む / 拒絶する,断る
廃物,くず,ごみ
〈U〉〈C〉断ること,拒絶;却下 / 〈C〉廃棄物
…‘を'『否定する』,否認する / 《『deny』+『名』+『名』=『deny』+『名』+『to』+『名』》〈人・自分〉‘に'…‘を'与えない(許さない)
…‘を'『断る』,『拒絶する』,はねつける / (役に立たないものとして)…‘を'捨てる,取り除く / 断られた人(事)
〈U〉〈C〉『拒否』,拒絶 / 〈U〉《しばしばthe~》(諾否を決める)優先権,取捨選択権
ごみ処理地

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/03 13:50:03」(JST)

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People who earn their living by collecting and sorting garbage and selling them for recycling (waste pickers), Payatas, Philippines.

Waste and wastes are terms for unwanted materials. Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes, or surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others. The term is often subjective (because waste to one person is not necessarily waste to another) and sometimes objectively inaccurate (for example, to send scrap metals to a landfill is to inaccurately classify them as waste, because they are recyclable). The terms can have various connotations, including pejorative tone (for example, "this spoiled food is nothing but waste now") or a squandering of potential (for example, "growing residential lawns in the desert is a waste of water").

Litter refers to waste disposed of improperly.

1 Definitions
- 1.1 United Nations Environment Programme
- 1.2 United Nations Statistics Division, Glossary of Environment Statistics
- 1.3 European Union
2 Types
3 Reporting
4 Costs
- 4.1 Environmental costs
- 4.2 Social costs
- 4.3 Economic costs
5 Resource recovery
6 Energy recovery
7 Education and awareness
8 Gallery
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Definitions

United Nations Environment Programme

According to the Basel Convention,

"'Wastes' are substances or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law"^[1]

Schematic illustration of the EU Legal definition of waste.

United Nations Statistics Division, Glossary of Environment Statistics

"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market) for which the initial user has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded."^[2]

European Union

Under the Waste Framework Directive, the European Union defines waste as "an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard."^[3]

Types

There are many waste types defined by modern systems of waste management, notably including:

Municipal Waste includes Household waste, Commercial waste, and Demolition waste
Hazardous Waste includes Industrial waste
Bio-medical Waste includes Clinical waste
Special Hazardous waste includes Radioactive waste, explosives waste, and Electronic waste (e-waste)

Reporting

There are many issues that surround reporting waste. It is most commonly measured by size or weight, and there is a stark difference between the two. For example, organic waste is much heavier when it is wet, and plastic or glass bottles can have different weights but be the same size.^[4] On a global scale it is difficult to report waste because countries have different definitions of waste and what falls into waste categories, as well as different ways of reporting. Based on incomplete reports from its parties, the Basel Convention estimated 338 million tonnes of waste was generated in 2001.^[5] For the same year, OECD estimated 4 billion tonnes from its member countries.^[6] Despite these inconsistencies, waste reporting is still useful on a small and large scale to determine key causes and locations, and to find ways of preventing, minimizing, recovering, treating, and disposing waste.

Costs

Environmental costs

Waste not the Waste. Sign in Tamil Nadu, India

Innappropriately managed waste can attract rodents and insects, which can harbour gastrointestinal parasites, yellow fever, worms, the plague and other conditions for humans, and exposure to hazardous wastes, particularly when they are burned, can cause various other diseases including cancers. Toxic waste materials can contaminate surface water, groundwater, soil, and air which causes more problems for humans, other species, and ecosystems.^[7] Waste treatment and disposal produces significant green house gas (GHG) emissions, notably methane, which are contributing significantly to global climate change.^[5]

Social costs

Waste management is a significant environmental justice issue. Many of the environmental burdens cited above are more often borne by marginalized groups, such as racial minorities, women, and residents of developing nations. NIMBY (not in my back yard) is the opposition of residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them.^[8] However, the need for expansion and siting of waste treatment and disposal facilities is increasing worldwide. There is now a growing market in the transboundary movement of waste, and although most waste that flows between countries goes between developed nations, a significant amount of waste is moved from developed to developing nations.^[9]

Economic costs

The economic costs of managing waste are high, and are often paid for by municipal governments;^[10] money can often be saved with more efficiently designed collection routes, modifying vehicles, and with public education. Environmental policies such as pay as you throw can reduce the cost of management and reduce waste quantities. Waste recovery (that is, recycling, reuse) can curb economic costs because it avoids extracting raw materials and often cuts transportation costs. "Economic assessment of municipal waste management systems – case studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC)".^[11] The location of waste treatment and disposal facilities often has an impact on property values due to noise, dust, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma. The informal waste sector consists mostly of waste pickers who scavenge for metals, glass, plastic, textiles, and other materials and then trade them for a profit. This sector can significantly alter or reduce waste in a particular system, but other negative economic effects come with the disease, poverty, exploitation, and abuse of its workers.^[12]

Resource recovery

Resource recovery is the retrieval of recyclable waste, which was intended for disposal, for a specific next use.^[13] It is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and resources, or convert to energy. This process is carried out at a resource recovery facility.^[14] Resource recovery is not only important to the environment, but it can be cost effective by decreasing the amount of waste sent to the disposal stream, reduce the amount of space needed for landfills, and protect limited natural resources.^[15]

Energy recovery

Energy recovery from waste is using non-recyclable waste materials and extracting from it heat, electricity, or energy through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, and anaerobic digestion.^[16] This process is referred to as waste-to-energy.

There are several ways to recover energy from waste. Anaerobic digestion is a naturally occurring process of decomposition where organic matter is reduced to a simpler chemical component in the absence of oxygen.^[16] Incineration or direct controlled burning of municipal solid waste to reduce waste and make energy. Secondary recovered fuel is the energy recovery from waste that cannot be reused or recycled from mechanical and biological treatment activities.^[16] Pyrolysis involves heating of waste, with the absence of oxygen, to high temperatures to break down any carbon content into a mixture of gaseous and liquid fuels and solid residue.^[16] Gasification is the conversion of carbon rich material through high temperature with partial oxidation into a gas stream.^[16] Plasma arc heating is the very high heating of municipal solid waste to temperatures ranging from 3,000-10,000 °C, where energy is released by an electrical discharge in an inert atmosphere.^[16]

Using waste as fuel can offer important environmental benefits. It can provide a safe and cost-effective option for wastes that would normally have to be dealt with through disposal.^[16] It can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions by diverting energy use from fossil fuels, while also generating energy and using waste as fuel can reduce the methane emissions generated in landfills by averting waste from landfills.^[16]

Education and awareness

Education and awareness in the area of waste and waste management is increasingly important from a global perspective of resource management. The Talloires Declaration is a declaration for sustainability concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution and degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. Local, regional, and global air pollution; accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes; destruction and depletion of forests, soil, and water; depletion of the ozone layer and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humans and thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its biodiversity, the security of nations, and the heritage of future generations. Several universities have implemented the Talloires Declaration by establishing environmental management and waste management programs, e.g. the waste management universityproject. University and vocational education are promoted by various organizations, e.g. WAMITAB and Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.

Gallery

1
2
3
4
5

Vegetable waste being dumped in a market in Hyderabad
Weapon scraps
Agobox; Bio-medical Waste
Hospital waste
Waste collected in a tricycle.

References

^ “Basel Convention.” 1989. www.basel.int
^ “Glossary of Environment Statistics.” 1997. UNSD. 1997. unstats.un.org
^ European Directive 75/442/EC, as amended
^ "Solid Waste Management." 2005. United Nations Environment Programme. Chapter III: Waste Quantities and Characteristics, 31-38. unep.or.jp
^ ^a ^b “International Waste Activities.” 2003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 12 Oct 2009. epa.gov
^ "Improving Recycling Markets." OECD Environment Program. Paris: OECD, 2006. oecd.org
^ Diaz, L. et al. Solid Waste Management, Volume 2. UNEP/Earthprint, 2006.
^ Wolsink, M. "Entanglement of interests and motives: Assumptions behind the NIMBY-theory on Facility Siting." Urban Studies 31.6 (1994): 851-866.
^ Ray, A. "Waste management in developing Asia: Can trade and cooperation help?" The Journal of Environment & Development 17.1 (2008): 3-25.
^ “Muck and brass: The waste business smells of money.” The Economist. 2009 02 28. pp. 10-12.
^ Journal of Cleaner Production 13 (2005): 253-263.
^ Wilson, D.C.; Velis, C.; Cheeseman, C. "Role of informal sector recycling in waste management in developing countries." Habitat International 30 (2006): 797-808.
^ USEPA (2012). "Frequent Questions".
^ Government of Montana (2012). "Resource Recovery".
^ Grand Traverse County (2006). "What is Resource Recovery?".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h IGD (2007). "Energy Recovery and Disposal".

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waste.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Waste

Look up waste or wastefulness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Waste at DMOZ
Cambio verde: waste-food exchange project in Curitiba, Brazil
Resource Productivity and Waste at the OECD

UpToDate Contents

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1. 緩和ケアおよび終末期医療の法的側面 legal aspects in palliative and end of life care
2. 小児における標準的な予防接種：親による接種控えと接種拒否 standard childhood vaccines parental hesitancy or refusal
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4. 小児に対する入院前ケアの留意事項 pediatric considerations in prehospital care
5. インフォームドコンセント informed consent

English Journal

Improvement of vegetables elemental quality by espresso coffee residues.

Cruz R, Morais S, Mendes E, Pereira JA, Baptista P, Casal S.Author information REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.AbstractSpent coffee grounds (SCG) are usually disposed as common garbage, without specific reuse strategies implemented so far. Due to its recognised richness in bioactive compounds, the effect of SCG on lettuce's macro- and micro-elements was assessed to define its effectiveness for agro industrial reuse. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with different amounts of fresh and composted spent coffee, and potassium, magnesium, phosphorous, calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper were analysed. A progressive decrease on all lettuce mineral elements was verified with the increase of fresh spent coffee, except for potassium. In opposition, an increment of lettuce's essential macro-elements was verified when low amounts of composted spent coffee were applied (5%, v/v), increasing potassium content by 40%, manganese by 30%, magnesium by 20%, and sodium by 10%, of nutritional relevance This practical approach offers an alternative reuse for this by-product, extendable to other crops, providing value-added vegetable products.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Apr 1;148:294-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.059. Epub 2013 Oct 24.
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are usually disposed as common garbage, without specific reuse strategies implemented so far. Due to its recognised richness in bioactive compounds, the effect of SCG on lettuce's macro- and micro-elements was assessed to define its effectiveness for agro industrial reuse.
PMID 24262560

Metabolism of the environmental toxicant benzo(a)pyrene by subcellular fractions of human ovary.

Rekhadevi PV, Diggs DL, Huderson AC, Harris KL, Archibong AE, Ramesh A.Author information 1Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA.AbstractKnowledge of the ability of the female reproductive system to metabolize environmental chemicals is critical not only from the standpoint of toxicity but also from infertility risk assessment. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a toxicant that is released into the environment from automobile exhausts, cigarette smoke, burning of refuse, industrial emissions, and hazardous waste sites. In exposed animals, BaP becomes activated to reactive metabolites that interfere with target organ function and as a consequence cause toxicity. Studies on animal models conducted in our laboratories and those of others have shown that BaP possess endocrine disrupting properties. Thus, this chemical has the potential to cause infertility and cancers in the female genital tract. An understanding of BaP metabolism in the female reproductive system will be of importance in the diagnosis and management of female fertility as well as cancers in the reproductive tissues. Therefore, the objective of our study was to examine the metabolism of BaP by human ovarian subcellular fractions. Human ovary samples (eight individuals) were obtained from postoperative tissue removed from subjects with uterine tumors. Subcellular fractions (nuclear, cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal) were prepared by differential centrifugation. BaP (1 μM and 3 μM) was individually incubated with individual subcellular fractions for 15 min and the products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Among the different fractions tested, microsomal BaP metabolism was higher than the rest of the fractions. The BaP metabolites identified were as follows: BaP-9,10-diol, BaP-4,5-diol, BaP-7,8-diol, 9(OH) BaP, 3(OH) BaP, BaP-1,6-dione, BaP-3,6-dione, and BaP-6,12-dione. Of interest was the presence of DNA-reactive metabolites such as BaP-3,6-dione, BaP-6,12-dione, and BaP 7,8-diol, which have been implicated in the causation of infertility and cancer. Our results indicate that women who are exposed to BaP via cigarette smoke, occupational settings, and diet are more likely at a larger risk of this toxicant-induced infertility and cancer than others.
Human & experimental toxicology.Hum Exp Toxicol.2014 Feb;33(2):196-202. doi: 10.1177/0960327113489050. Epub 2013 May 23.
Knowledge of the ability of the female reproductive system to metabolize environmental chemicals is critical not only from the standpoint of toxicity but also from infertility risk assessment. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a toxicant that is released into the environment from automobile exhausts, cigarett
PMID 23703818

Treatment and outcome of antidepressant treatment-associated hypomania in unipolar major depression: A 3-year follow-up study.

Navarro V1, Gastó C2, Guarch J2, Penadés R2, Pintor L2.Author information 1Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, UB, Barcelona 08036, Spain. Electronic address: vnavarro@clinic.ub.es.2Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, UB, Barcelona 08036, Spain.AbstractBACKGROUND: The main aim of this study was to propose a standardized acute and maintenance/continuation treatment protocol for acute antidepressant treatment-associated hypomania (AAH) in major unipolar depression. The second objective was to describe outcomes at three-year follow-up in a cohort of patients with AAH who had been included in this standardized therapeutic protocol.
Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2014 Feb;155:59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.024. Epub 2013 Oct 26.
BACKGROUND: The main aim of this study was to propose a standardized acute and maintenance/continuation treatment protocol for acute antidepressant treatment-associated hypomania (AAH) in major unipolar depression. The second objective was to describe outcomes at three-year follow-up in a cohort of
PMID 24252168

Putative human and avian risk factors for avian influenza virus infections in backyard poultry in Egypt.

Sheta BM1, Fuller TL2, Larison B2, Njabo KY2, Ahmed AS3, Harrigan R2, Chasar A2, Aziz SA3, Khidr AA4, Elbokl MM4, Habbak LZ4, Smith TB2.Author information 1Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta Branch, Mansoura University, P.O. Box 819, 34517 New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt; Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 619 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles 90095-1496, CA, USA. Electronic address: basmasheta@ucla.edu.2Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 619 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles 90095-1496, CA, USA.3National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (NLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264, Nadi El Said Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.4Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta Branch, Mansoura University, P.O. Box 819, 34517 New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt.AbstractHighly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1 causes significant poultry mortality in the six countries where it is endemic and can also infect humans. Egypt has reported the third highest number of poultry outbreaks (n=1084) globally. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify putative risk factors for H5N1 infections in backyard poultry in 16 villages in Damietta, El Gharbia, Fayoum, and Menofia governorates from 2010-2012. Cloacal and tracheal swabs and serum samples from domestic (n=1242) and wild birds (n=807) were tested for H5N1 via RT-PCR and hemagglutination inhibition, respectively. We measured poultry rearing practices with questionnaires (n=306 households) and contact rates among domestic and wild bird species with scan sampling. Domestic birds (chickens, ducks, and geese, n=51) in three governorates tested positive for H5N1 by PCR or serology. A regression model identified a significant correlation between H5N1 in poultry and the practice of disposing of dead poultry and poultry feces in the garbage (F=15.7, p<0.0001). In addition, contact between domestic and wild birds was more frequent in villages where we detected H5N1 in backyard flocks (F=29.5, p<0.0001).
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2014 Jan 10;168(1):208-13. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.010. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
Highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1 causes significant poultry mortality in the six countries where it is endemic and can also infect humans. Egypt has reported the third highest number of poultry outbreaks (n=1084) globally. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify p
PMID 24315038

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一回目のように語ること : ミラン・クンデラ『ジャックとその主人』における変奏(研究論文)

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… Il refuse de donner a l'histoire un quelconque denouement final, parce qu'il croit comme un fataliste qu'<<il n'est rien de certain dans ce monde>>. …
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今村弘子
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… Even though China and Russia share a long border, their relationship would improve if China were to export high-tech commodities and refuse to export extremely cheap illegal labor. …
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