WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
to cause a sharp emotional pain; "The thought of her unhappiness pricked his conscience"
the act of puncturing with a small point; "he gave the balloon a small prick" (同)pricking
cause a stinging pain; "The needle pricked his skin" (同)sting, twinge
make a small hole into, as with a needle or a thorn; "The nurse pricked my finger to get a small blood sample" (同)prick
cause a prickling sensation (同)prick
a somatic sensation as from many tiny prickles (同)tingle, tingling

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
(…で)…‘を'『ちくりと刺す』,突く《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈人,人の心身〉‘を'『ちくちく痛ませる』,ちくちく苦しめる / 『ちくりと刺すこと』 / 刺してできた傷,突き傷;刺し穴 / 刺すような痛み;(心の)うずき,痛み《+『of』+『名』》 / とげ,針
〈C〉(動植物の)とげ,いばら,いが / 《単数形で》ちくちくする痛み / …‘を'ちくちく刺す / ちくちく痛む

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/25 17:14:01」(JST)

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Prickle Cells Drawing - Artist: Sandy G Phillips-Long

Spinous cells, or prickle cells, are keratin producing epidermal cells owing their prickly appearance to their numerous intracellular connections. They make up the stratum spinosum (prickly layer) of the epidermis and provide a continuous net-like layer of protection for underlying tissue. They are susceptible to mutations caused by sunlight and can become malignant.

Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum spinosum labeled slightly below center.

Location

Spinous cells are found in the superficial layers of the skin. They are found in the stratum spinosum (prickly layer, spinosum layer), which lies above the stratum basale (basal layer) and below the stratum granulosum (granular layer) of the epidermis. The spinous cells are arranged several layers thick to form a net-like covering.^[1]

Origin

Spinous cells originate through mitosis in the basal layer (also known as the germinative layer). They are pushed upward into the stratum spinosum by the continuous formation of new cells in the basal layer.^[2] They reach the outmost layer of the skin as flattened dead flaking skin cells we shed daily. The journey from origin to shed takes 25 to 45 days.^[1]

Function

Spinous cells serve “as a physical and biological barrier to the environment, preventing penetration by irritants and allergens and loss of water while maintaining internal homeostasis.^[3] They accomplish this in two ways. First, they are keratinocytes (keratin cells) whose primary function is to produce keratin, a strong structural protein. The keratin accumulates within each spinous cell as it moves upward through the epidermis layers, until the cell is almost completely filled with hardening keratin (keratinisation).^[3] Second, the cells are bound together across their cytoplasm by keratin filaments that form cell to cell connections (desmosomes).^[1]

Cancer

Spinocellular carcinoma (prickle cell carcinoma) is relatively common in people over age 60, with fair skin, and a history of longer term sun exposure. It is not as commonly known as other skin cancers because it is less likely to metastasize, but can be just as deadly if left untreated.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Marieb, Elaine N. (2003). Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall College Div. pp. 152–155. ISBN 0-8057-1693-9.
^ Bensouilah, Janetta (November 2006). Aromadermatology: Aromatherapy in the Treatment and Care of Common Skin Conditions. Blackwell Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 1857757750.
^ ^a ^b Lawton, MSc,RGN, OND, ENB393, RN, Sandra (October 3, 2006). "Anatomy and function of the skin - Part 2 - The epidermis". NursingTimes.net 102 (32): 28. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
^ Institute for Dermopharmacy GmbH (June 2003). "New Insights Regarding Light Skin Carcinoma:". DermoTopics Newsletter (1). Retrieved March 15, 2012.

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2. 末梢性T細胞リンパ腫の初期治療 initial treatment of peripheral t cell lymphoma
3. 皮下蜂窩織炎様T細胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of subcutaneous panniculitis like t cell lymphoma
4. B細胞前リンパ球性白血病 b cell prolymphocytic leukemia
5. HLAハプロタイプ適合造血細胞移植 hla haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation

English Journal

Planar polarization of Vangl2 in the vertebrate neural plate is controlled by Wnt and Myosin II signaling.

Ossipova O1, Kim K1, Sokol SY2.
Biology open.Biol Open.2015 Apr 24. pii: bio.011676. doi: 10.1242/bio.201511676. [Epub ahead of print]
The vertebrate neural tube forms as a result of complex morphogenetic movements, which require the functions of several core planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins, including Vangl2 and Prickle. Despite the importance of these proteins for neurulation, their subcellular localization and the mode of act
PMID 25910938

Reciprocal and dynamic polarization of planar cell polarity core components and myosin.

Newman-Smith E1, Kourakis MJ1, Reeves W1, Veeman M1, Smith WC1.
eLife.Elife.2015 Apr 13;4. doi: 10.7554/eLife.05361.
The Ciona notochord displays planar cell polarity (PCP), with anterior localization of Prickle (Pk) and Strabismus (Stbm). We report that a myosin is polarized anteriorly in these cells and strongly colocalizes with Stbm. Disruption of the actin/myosin machinery with cytochalasin or blebbistatin dis
PMID 25866928

The clathrin adaptor AP-1 complex and Arf1 regulate planar cell polarity in vivo.

Carvajal-Gonzalez JM1, Balmer S1, Mendoza M2, Dussert A1, Collu G1, Roman AC3, Weber U1, Ciruna B2, Mlodzik M1.
Nature communications.Nat Commun.2015 Apr 7;6:6751. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7751.
A key step in generating planar cell polarity (PCP) is the formation of restricted junctional domains containing Frizzled/Dishevelled/Diego (Fz/Dsh/Dgo) or Van Gogh/Prickle (Vang/Pk) complexes within the same cell, stabilized via Flamingo (Fmi) across cell membranes. Although models have been propos
PMID 25849195

Japanese Journal

An Immunohistochemical Study of Oral Carcinoma Cuniculatum

Sun Yan,Kuyama Kayo,Burkhardt Arne,Yamamoto Hirotsugu
International Journal of Oral-Medical Sciences 10(4), 336-343, 2012
… Sixteen lingual specimens, consisting of six CC, six conventional squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and four verrucous carcinoma (VC), were studied. … From the immunohistochemical findings, cytokeratin 10 and cytokeratin 13 showed greater positive expression in the prickle layer of CC than conventional SCC and VC. … Regarding cell-cell adhesion molecules, laminin 5γ2 was revealed strongly in the basal layer of CC, with thinner and discontinuous distribution in conventional SCC. …
NAID 130002051669

Prickle2 is localized in the postsynaptic density and interacts with PSD-95 and NMDA receptors in the brain

Hida Yamato,Fukaya Masahiro,Hagiwara Akari [他],DEGUCHI TAWARADA Maki,YOSHIOKA Toshinori,KITAJIMA Isao,INOUE Eiji,WATANABE Masahiko,OHTSUKA Toshihisa
The journal of biochemistry 149(6), 693-700, 2011-06-01
NAID 10030585839

Localization of Heat Shock Protein 27 (Hsp27) in the Rat Gingiva and its Changes with Tooth Eruption

Sasaki Au,Yamada Tohru,Inoue Katsuyuki,Momoi Tomoko,Tokunaga Hiroshi,Sakiyama Koji,Kanegae Haruhide,Suda Naoto,Amano Osamu
ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA 44(1), 17-24, 2011
… Heat shock protein 27 kDa (Hsp27) functions as a molecular chaperon to prevent apoptosis as well as to contribute to the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation during development. … In adult rats, Hsp27-immunoreactivity was localized in the prickle and granular layers but absent in the basal and horny layers of the oral epithelium. …
NAID 130000395312