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idle or foolish and irrelevant talk (同)prattle, idle talk, blether, chin music

PrepTutorEJDIC

《『prate』『about』+『名』》(…を)べちゃくちゃしゃべる,くどくどと話をする
まぬけ,ばか

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/05/28 15:48:54」(JST)

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Fluency (also called volubility and loquaciousness) is the property of a person or of a system that delivers information quickly and with expertise.

Speech

Fluency is a speech language pathology term that means the smoothness or flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined together when speaking quickly.^[1] "Fluency disorders" is used as a collective term for cluttering and stuttering. Both disorders have breaks in the fluidity of speech, and both have the fluency breakdown of repetition of parts of speech. Fluency disorders are most often complex in nature and they tend to occur more often in boys than in girls.^[2]

Language fluency

Further information: Language proficiency

Language fluency is used informally to denote broadly a high level of language proficiency, most typically foreign language or another learned language, and more narrowly to denote fluid language use, as opposed to slow, halting use. In this narrow sense, fluency is necessary but not sufficient for language proficiency: fluent language users (particularly uneducated native speakers) may have narrow vocabularies, limited discourse strategies, and inaccurate word use. They may be illiterate, as well. Native language speakers are often incorrectly referred to as fluent.

Fluency in English is basically one’s ability to be understood by both native and non native listeners. A higher level would be bilingual, which indicates one is native in two languages, either having learned them simultaneously or one after the other.

In the sense of proficiency, "fluency" encompasses a number of related but separable skills:

Reading: the ability to easily read and understand texts written in the language;^[3]
Writing: the ability to formulate written texts in the language;
Comprehension: the ability to follow and understand speech in the language;
Speaking: the ability to produce speech in the language and be understood by its speakers.

To some extent, these skills can be acquired separately. Generally, the later in life a learner approaches the study of a foreign language, the harder it is to acquire receptive (auditory) comprehension and fluent production (speaking) skills; however, the Critical Period Hypothesis is a hotly debated topic. For instance, reading and writing skills in a foreign language can be acquired more easily after the primary language acquisition period of youth is over.^{[citation needed]}

Reading fluency

Reading fluency is often confused with language fluency (see above). Reading fluency is the ability to read text accurately and quickly. Fluency bridges word decoding and comprehension. Comprehension is understanding what has been read. Fluency is a set of skills that allows readers to rapidly decode text while maintaining a high level of comprehension (National Reading Panel, 2001).

Reading fluency encompasses both rate of words read per minute, as well as the ability to read with expression.^[3]

A first benchmark for fluency is being able to "sight read" some words. The idea is that children will recognize on sight the most common words written in their native language and that such instant reading of these words will allow them to read and understand text more quickly.

As children learn to read, the speed at which they read becomes an important measure of fluency.

(National Reading Panel, Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction—Reports of the Subgroups. A complete copy of the NRP report can be read, downloaded, or ordered at no cost from the NRP website at www.nationalreadingpanel.org.)

Fluency in creativity

Studies in the assessment of creativity list fluency as one of the four primary elements in creative thinking. The others being flexibility, originality and elaboration. Fluency in creative thinking is seen as the ability to think of many diverse ideas quickly.

References

^ Bruce Harrell. "Speech-language pathologist". http://www.muncie.k12.in.us/shsweb/speech%20and%20language%20pathologist.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
^ "Fluency Disorders". StatPed. http://www.statped.no/moduler/templates/Module_Overview.aspx?id=28707. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
^ ^a ^b Dawn Dodson (2010-04-20). "Teaching Reading Fluency". Lesson Planet. http://www.lessonplanet.com/directory_articles/language_arts_lesson_plans/20_April_2010/383/ready_set_read_teaching_reading_fluency. Retrieved 2010-04-23.

4. ^Pikulsky and Chard (2005) "Fluency: Bridge Between Decoding and Reading Comprehension", The Reading Teacher, Vol. 58, No. 6, 510–519

External links

Look up fluency in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fluency

Reading fluency classroom resources
Reading fluency practice tool

English Journal

Clinical evaluation of an over-the-counter hearing aid (TEO First®) in elderly patients suffering of mild to moderate hearing loss.

Sacco G1,2,3, Gonfrier S4,5, Teboul B4, Gahide I6, Prate F4, Demory-Zory M4, Turpin JM4,7, Vuagnoux C4, Genovese P6, Schneider S4, Guérin O4,8,9, Guevara N6.
BMC geriatrics.BMC Geriatr.2016 Jul 9;16:136. doi: 10.1186/s12877-016-0304-4.
BACKGROUND: Presbycusis has a direct influence on autonomy of the elderly but hearing aids lack of affordability. Moreover a recent review demonstrate that electroacoustic characteristics of OTC hearing aids were generally not suitable for the elderly people. In our study, we assessed the clinical v
PMID 27392722

Assessment of the contribution of morbidity and mortality conferences to quality and safety improvement: a survey of participants' perceptions.

Lecoanet A1, Vidal-Trecan G2,3,4, Prate F5, Quaranta JF5, Sellier E1,6, Guyomard A1, Seigneurin A1,6, François P7,8.
BMC health services research.BMC Health Serv Res.2016 May 11;16:176. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1431-5.
BACKGROUND: Evidence for the effectiveness of the morbidity and mortality conferences in improving patient safety is lacking. The aim of this survey was to assess the opinion of participants concerning the benefits and the functioning of morbidity and mortality conferences, according to their organi
PMID 27169924

Characteristics of morbidity and mortality conferences associated with the implementation of patient safety improvement initiatives, an observational study.

François P1, Prate F2, Vidal-Trecan G3, Quaranta JF4, Labarere J5, Sellier E6.
BMC health services research.BMC Health Serv Res.2016 Jan 30;16:35. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1279-8.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of morbidity and mortality conferences (MMCs) associated with the implementation of patient health-care quality and safety improvement initiatives.METHODS: We conducted an observational study of MMCs and followed up improvement in
PMID 26831501

Japanese Journal

Closed-Loop Stimulation (CLS) Pacing Treatment for Hypotension during Dialysis in Bradycardiac Dialysis Patient: Comparison between VVI and VVI-CLS

Nomura Tomoyuki,Nakano Kenji,Ishikawa Norio,Nakaoka Kunihisa,Umehara Tsutomu,Fujimoto Hiroki
Journal of Arrhythmia 27(Supplement), PJ1_049, 2011
… After water removal increases in systolic pressure (Ps), mean blood pressure (Pm) and pacing rate (Prate) were greater in VVI-CLS than VVI by 17.0 mmHg, 8.9 mmHg and 3.7 ppm, respectively. … Because Ps, Pm and Prate increased more in CLS than VVI setting, we believe that CLS function detected intracardiac impedance changes which reflect relative augmentation in ventricular contractile dynamics and increased ventricular pacing rate accordingly, and thereby increased blood pressure. …
NAID 130002130559

有限板中の中央2重U字切欠きから発生したき裂の引張りにおける応力拡大係数について

宮崎達二郎,FERDOUS Md. Shafiul,真壁朝敏 [他],藤川正毅
日本機械学會論文集. A編 76(772), 1618-1625, 2010-12-25
… Then, the influences of the double notch and the prate edges on the stress intensity factors were examined, and the stress intensity factors were expressed with the simple formulae approximately. …
NAID 110008143569

ヘリカルピンを装荷したスタック化方形マイクロストリップアンテナの解析-第5報-(学生若手発表および一般)

岩永浩平,藤本孝文
映像情報メディア学会技術報告 33(3), 75-78, 2009-01-22
ショートプレートとヘリカルピンを装荷したスタック化方形マイクロストリップアンテナはITS用3周波共用の車載アンテナとして提案された.このアンテナは高周波数共振モードにおいて従来のスタック化マイクロストリップアンテナとして動作する.また中周波数と低周波数共振モードでは装荷したヘリカルピンとショートプレートから低仰角方向へ放射する.本研究では,ITSにおける3周波アンテナの例として,VICS/モバイル …
NAID 110007162260

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