- For the term capric as it related to music see Capriccio (music)
Decanoic acid
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| Names |
| IUPAC name
Decanoic acid
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| Other names
Capric acid,[1] n-Capric acid, n-Decanoic acid, Decylic acid, n-Decylic acid, C10:0 (Lipid numbers)
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| Identifiers |
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CAS Number
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334-48-5 Y
1002-62-6 (sodium salt) N |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:30813 Y |
| ChEMBL |
ChEMBL107498 Y |
| ChemSpider |
2863 Y |
| DrugBank |
DB03600 N |
| EC Number |
206-376-4 |
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IUPHAR/BPS
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5532 |
| Jmol interactive 3D |
Image |
| KEGG |
C01571 Y |
| PubChem |
2969 |
| RTECS number |
HD9100000 |
| UNII |
4G9EDB6V73 Y |
InChI
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InChI=1S/C10H20O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10(11)12/h2-9H2,1H3,(H,11,12) Y
Key: GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
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InChI=1/C10H20O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10(11)12/h2-9H2,1H3,(H,11,12)
Key: GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYAC
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| Properties |
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Chemical formula
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C10H20O2 |
| Molar mass |
172.27 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance |
White crystals |
| Odor |
Strong rancid and unpleasant[2] |
| Density |
0.893 g/cm3 (25 °C)[3]
0.8884 g/cm3 (35.05 °C)
0.8773 g/cm3 (50.17 °C)[4] |
| Melting point |
31.6 °C (88.9 °F; 304.8 K)[6] |
| Boiling point |
268.7 °C (515.7 °F; 541.8 K) [5] |
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Solubility in water
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0.015 g/100 mL (20 °C)[5] |
| Solubility |
Soluble in alcohol, ether, CHCl3, C6H6, CS2, acetone[2] |
| log P |
4.09[5] |
| Vapor pressure |
4.88·10−5 kPa (25 °C)[2]
0.1 kPa (108 °C)[5]
2.03 kPa (160 °C)[3][1] |
| Acidity (pKa) |
4.9[2] |
| Thermal conductivity |
0.372 W/m·K (solid)
0.141 W/m·K (liquid)[4] |
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Refractive index (nD)
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1.4288 (40 °C)[2] |
| Viscosity |
4.327 cP (50 °C)[5]
2.88 cP (70 °C)[4] |
| Structure |
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Crystal structure
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Monoclinic (−3.15 °C)[7] |
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Space group
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P21/c[7] |
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Lattice constant
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a = 23.1 Å, b = 4.973 Å, c = 9.716 Å[7]
α = 90°, β = 91.28°, γ = 90°
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| Thermochemistry |
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Specific
heat capacity (C)
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475.59 J/mol·K[1] |
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Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
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−713.7 kJ/mol[5] |
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Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcHo298)
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6079.3 kJ/mol[1] |
| Hazards |
| Main hazards |
Medium toxicity |
| Safety data sheet |
External MSDS |
| GHS pictograms |
[3] |
| GHS signal word |
Warning |
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GHS hazard statements
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H315, H319, H335[3] |
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GHS precautionary statements
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P261, P305+351+338[3] |
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EU classification (DSD)
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Xi |
| R-phrases |
R36/37/38 |
| S-phrases |
S24/25, S26, S36/37/39 |
| Ingestion hazard |
May be toxic |
| Inhalation hazard |
May cause irritation |
| Skin hazard |
May be toxic on contact |
| NFPA 704 |
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| Flash point |
110 °C (230 °F; 383 K) [3] |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): |
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LD50 (Median dose)
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10 g/kg (rats, oral)[8] |
| Related compounds |
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Related fatty acids
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Caprylic acid
Lauric acid |
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Related compounds
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Decanol
Decanal |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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| N verify (what is YN ?) |
| Infobox references |
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Decanoic acid (capric acid) is a saturated fatty acid. Its formula is CH3(CH2)8COOH. Salts and esters of decanoic acid are called decanoates or "caprates". The term capric acid is derived from the Latin "caper / capra" (goat) because the sweaty, unpleasant smell of the compound is reminiscent of goats.[9]
Contents
- 1 Occurrence
- 2 Production
- 3 Uses
- 4 Effects
- 5 See also
- 6 References
Occurrence
Capric acid occurs naturally in coconut oil (about 10%) and palm kernel oil (about 4%), otherwise it is uncommon in typical seed oils.[10] It is found in the milk of various mammals and to a lesser extent in other animal fats.[6]
Two other acids are named after goats: caproic (a C6 fatty acid) and caprylic (a C8 fatty acid). Along with decanoic acid, these total 15% in goat milk fat.
Production
Decanoic acid can be prepared from oxidation of primary alcohol decanol by using chromium trioxide (CrO3) oxidant under acidic conditions.[11]
Neutralization of decanoic acid or saponification of its esters, typically triglycerides, with sodium hydroxide will give sodium decanoate. This salt (CH3(CH2)8COO−Na+) is a component of some types of soap.
Uses
Decanoic acid is used in the manufacture of esters for artificial fruit flavors and perfumes. It is also used as an intermediate in chemical syntheses. It is used in organic synthesis and industrially in the manufacture of perfumes, lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes, plastics, food additives and pharmaceuticals.[8]
Pharmaceuticals
Decanoate ester prodrugs of various pharmaceuticals are available. Since decanoic acid is a fatty acid, forming a salt or ester with a drug will increase its lipophilicity and its affinity for fatty tissue. Since distribution of a drug from fatty tissue is usually slow, one may develop a long-acting injectable form of a drug (called a Depot injection) by using its decanoate form. Some examples of drugs available as a decanoate ester include nandrolone, fluphenazine, bromperidol, and haloperidol.
Effects
Decanoic acid acts as a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist at therapeutically relevant concentrations, in a voltage- and subunit-dependent manner, and this is sufficient to explain its antiseizure effects.[12] This direct inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission by decanoic acid in the brain contributes to the anticonvulsant effect of the MCT ketogenic diet.[12] Decanoic acid and the AMPAr antagonist drug perampanel act at separate sites on the AMPA receptor, and so it is possible that they have a cooperative effect at the AMPA receptor, suggesting that permapanel and the ketogenic diet could be synergistic.[12]
Decanoic acid may mimic the mitochondrial proliferation associated with the ketogenic diet, and that this may occur via PPARγ receptor agonism and its target genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.[13]
It should however be noted that orally ingested medium chain fatty acids would be very rapidly degraded by first-pass metabolism by being taken up in the liver via the portal vein, and are quickly metabolized via coenzyme A intermediates through β-oxidation and the citric acid cycle to produce carbon dioxide, acetate and ketone bodies.[14] It is unclear whether the ketones β-hydroxybutryate and acetone have direct antiseizure activity.[12][15][16][17]
See also
- Medium-chain triglyceride
- Nonanoic acid, a medium branched-chain triglyceride, also with antiseizure activity
References
- ^ a b c d n-Decanoic acid in Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G. (eds.) NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD. http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved 2014-06-15)
- ^ a b c d e CID 2969 from PubChem
- ^ a b c d e f Sigma-Aldrich Co., Decanoic acid. Retrieved on 2014-06-15.
- ^ a b c Mezaki, Reiji; Mochizuki, Masafumi; Ogawa, Kohei (2000). Engineering Data on Mixing (1st ed.). Elsevier Science B.V. p. 278. ISBN 0-444-82802-8.
- ^ a b c d e f Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
- ^ a b "Lexicon of lipid nutrition (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 73 (4): 685–744. 2001. doi:10.1351/pac200173040685.
- ^ a b c Bond, Andrew D. (2003). "On the crystal structures and melting point alternation of the n-alkyl carboxylic acids" (PDF). http://www.rsc.org. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
- ^ a b c "CAPRIC ACID". http://www.chemicalland21.com. AroKor Holdings Inc. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
- ^ "capri-, capr- +". Retrieved 2012-09-28.
- ^ David J. Anneken, Sabine Both, Ralf Christoph, Georg Fieg, Udo Steinberner, Alfred Westfechtel "Fatty Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2
- ^ John McMurry (2008). Organic Chemistry 7th edition. Thompson - Brooks/Cole. Page 624
- ^ a b c d "Seizure control by decanoic acid through direct AMPA receptor inhibition". 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
- ^ Hughes SD, Kanabus M, Anderson G, Hargreaves IP, Rutherford T, O'Donnell M, Cross JH, Rahman S, Eaton S, Heales SJ (2014). "The ketogenic diet component decanoic acid increases mitochondrial citrate synthase and complex I activity in neuronal cells". Journal of Neurochemistry 129 (3): 426–33. doi:10.1111/jnc.12646. PMID 24383952. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
- ^ "Seizure control by ketogenic diet-associated medium chain fatty acids". 2013. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
- ^ "Anticonvulsant properties of an oral ketone ester in a pentylenetetrazole-model of seizure.". Retrieved 2016-1-19.
- ^ "Acetoacetate, acetone, and dibenzylamine (a contaminant in l-(+)-beta-hydroxybutyrate) exhibit direct anticonvulsant actions in vivo.". Retrieved 2016-1-19.
- ^ "Ketogenic diet metabolites reduce firing in central neurons by opening K(ATP) channels.". Retrieved 2016-1-19.
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Lipids: fatty acids
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| Saturated |
- Butyric (C4)
- Valeric (C5)
- Caproic (C6)
- Enanthic (C7)
- Caprylic (C8)
- Pelargonic (C9)
- Capric (C10)
- Undecylic (C11)
- Lauric (C12)
- Tridecylic (C13)
- Myristic (C14)
- Pentadecanoic (C15)
- Palmitic (C16)
- Margaric (C17)
- Stearic (C18)
- Nonadecylic (C19)
- Arachidic (C20)
- Heneicosylic (C21)
- Behenic (C22)
- Tricosylic (C23)
- Lignoceric (C24)
- Pentacosylic (C25)
- Cerotic (C26)
- Heptacosylic (C27)
- Montanic (C28)
- Nonacosylic (C29)
- Melissic (C30)
- Hentriacontylic (C31)
- Lacceroic (C32)
- Psyllic (C33)
- Geddic (C34)
- Ceroplastic (C35)
- Hexatriacontylic (C36)
- Heptatriacontanoic (C37)
- Octatriacontanoic (C38)
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| ω−3 Unsaturated |
- α-Linolenic (18:3)
- Stearidonic (18:4)
- Eicosapentaenoic (20:5)
- Docosahexaenoic (22:6)
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| ω−6 Unsaturated |
- Linoleic (18:2)
- γ-Linolenic (18:3)
- Dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3)
- Arachidonic (20:4)
- Adrenic (22:4)
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| ω-7 Unsaturated |
- Palmitoleic (16:1)
- Vaccenic (18:1)
- Paullinic (20:1)
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| ω−9 Unsaturated |
- Oleic (18:1)
- Elaidic (trans-18:1)
- Gondoic (20:1)
- Erucic (22:1)
- Nervonic (24:1)
- Mead (20:3)
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Index of biochemical families
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| Carbohydrates |
- Alcohols
- Glycoproteins
- Glycosides
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| Lipids |
- Eicosanoids
- Fatty acids
- Glycerides
- Phospholipids
- Sphingolipids
- Steroids
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| Nucleic acids |
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| Proteins |
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| Other |
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