関: red clover、Trifolium、Trifolium repens

WordNet

any leguminous plant having leaves divided into three leaflets (同)genus Trifolium

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/03 04:55:06」(JST)

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Trifolium pratense (red clover) is a species of clover, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa, but planted and naturalised in many other regions.

It is an herbaceous, short-lived perennial plant, variable in size, growing to 20–80 cm tall. The leaves are alternate, trifoliate (with three leaflets), each leaflet 15–30 mm long and 8–15 mm broad, green with a characteristic pale crescent in the outer half of the leaf; the petiole is 1–4 cm long, with two basal stipules. The flowers are dark pink with a paler base, 12–15 mm long, produced in a dense inflorescence.

Diseases

Red clover is subject to bacterial as well as fungal diseases. Other problems include parasitic nematodes (roundworms) and viruses.

Uses

Trifolium pratense, general aspect

It is widely grown as a fodder crop, valued for its nitrogen fixation, which increases soil fertility. For these reasons it is used as a green manure crop. Several cultivar groups have been selected for agricultural use, mostly derived from var. sativum. It has become naturalised in many temperate areas, including the Americas and Australasia as an escape from cultivation.

Red clover is commonly used to make a sweet-tasting herbal tea.^[1] It is an ingredient in some recipes for essiac tea. Trifolium pratense is used in traditional medicine of India as deobstruent, antispasmodic, expectorant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, and antidermatosis agent.^[2]

Warnings and contraindications

In alternative medicine, red clover is promoted as a treatment for a variety of human maladies, including coughs, disorders of the lymphatic system and a variety of cancers. However, according to the American Cancer Society, "available clinical evidence does not show that red clover is effective in treating or preventing cancer, menopausal symptoms, or any other medical conditions."^[3]

Dietary amounts of red clover are safe, but medicinal quantities may cause rash-like reactions, muscle ache, headache, nausea, vaginal bleeding in women, and slow blood clotting.^[4]

Due to its activity on estrogen receptors, red clover is contraindicated in people with a history of breast cancer, endometriosis, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, uterine fibroids, or other estrogen-sensitive conditions,^[5] but others have suggested the high isoflavone content counteracts this, and even provides benefits in these conditions.^[6]

Due to its coumarin derivatives, it should be used in caution in individuals with coagulation disorders or currently undergoing anticoagulation therapy.^[7]

It is metabolized by CYP3A4 and therefore caution should be used when taking it with other drugs using this metabolic pathway.^[8]

Symbolism

It is the national flower of Denmark^[9] and the state flower of Vermont.

References

^ "Red Clover Tea". SupplementSOS.com. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ Wang L, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Blunder M, Liu X, Malainer C, Blazevic T, Schwaiger S, Rollinger JM, Heiss EH, Schuster D, Kopp B, Bauer R, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM, Atanasov AG. Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 Jul 29. pii: S0006-2952(14)00424-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018. PubMed PMID: 25083916.
^ "Red Clover". American Cancer Society. November 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
^ Red clover, WebMD.
^ USA (2012-05-24). "Influence of marketed herbal menopause pre... [Menopause. 2004 May-Jun] - PubMed - NCBI". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
^ Roberts DW et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct:70(10);1003-5
^ USA (2012-05-24). "Herbal medication: potential for adverse i... [J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002] - PubMed - NCBI". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
^ "red clover (Trifolium pratense) Cautions - Epocrates Online". Online.epocrates.com. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
^ Other National Symbols - Embassy of Denmark India

Flora Europaea: Trifolium pratense
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Trifolium pratense

External links

Wikiversity has bloom time data for Trifolium pratense on the Bloom Clock

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trifolium pratense.

Red-clover seed production in the Intermountain States hosted by the UNT Government Documents Department

UpToDate Contents

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1. 更年期のほてり menopausal hot flashes
2. 癌に対する補完療法および代替療法 complementary and alternative therapies for cancer
3. 患者情報：閉経期症状に対する非ホルモン療法（詳細） nonhormonal treatments for menopausal symptoms beyond the basics

English Journal

Nutritional composition of the meat of Hereford and Braford steers finished on pastures or in a feedlot in southern Brazil.

Freitas AK, Lobato JF, Cardoso LL, Tarouco JU, Vieira RM, Dillenburg DR, Castro I.SourceUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Bento Gonçalves 7712, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Meat science.Meat Sci.2014 Jan;96(1):353-60. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.07.021. Epub 2013 Jul 19.
Chemical and mineral composition and the intramuscular fatty acid (IMF) profile of the Longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) of 60 purebred Hereford, 1/4 Braford and 3/8 Braford steers finished either in a feedlot or on improved pastures of the Pampa biome were evaluated. Pastures were improved with the int
PMID 23954275

Is sex advantageous in adverse environments? A test of the abandon-ship hypothesis.

Griffiths JG, Bonser SP.SourceEvolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
The American naturalist.Am Nat.2013 Dec;182(6):718-25. doi: 10.1086/673476. Epub 2013 Oct 9.
Abstract Understanding the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction remains a long-standing challenge in evolutionary biology. Stress often induces sexual reproduction in facultatively sexual species (those species capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction). The abandon-ship hypothesis
PMID 24231534

Searching for the bull's eye: agents and targets of selection vary among geographically disparate cyanogenesis clines in white clover (Trifolium repens L.).

Kooyers NJ, Olsen KM.SourceDepartment of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
Heredity.Heredity (Edinb).2013 Dec;111(6):495-504. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2013.71. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
The recurrent evolution of adaptive clines within a species can be used to elucidate the selective factors and genetic responses that underlie adaptation. White clover is polymorphic for cyanogenesis (HCN release with tissue damage), and climate-associated cyanogenesis clines have evolved throughout
PMID 23900395

Japanese Journal

Zinc fractions in soil and uptake by wheat as affected by different preceding crops(Plant nutrition)

NOROUZI Mojtaba,KHOSHGOFTARMANESH Amir Hossein,AFYUNI Majid
Soil science and plant nutrition 60(5), 670-678, 2014-10
… Speed Feed), Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. …
NAID 110009907924

Water balance of Mediterranean karst soil in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a water conservation and erosion control factor(Environment,<SPECIAL ISSUE>SOIL AND LAND DEGRADATION)

CUSTOVIC Hamid,MISILO Marija,MARKOVIC Mihajlo
Soil science and plant nutrition 60(1), 100-107, 2014-02
… fallax Thuill., Dactylis glomerata L., Trifolium repens L., Trifolium pratense L.), and the total water runoff and soil erosion were monitored. …
NAID 110009907868

Kazusa Marker DataBase: a database for genomics, genetics, and molecular breeding in plants

Shirasawa Kenta,Isobe Sachiko,Tabata Satoshi [他],Hirakawa Hideki
Breeding Science 64(3), 264-271, 2014
… Currently, 10 plant species have been targeted: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum), strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), radish (Raphanus sativus), Lotus japonicus, soybean (Glycine max), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (Trifolium repens), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis). …
NAID 130004690768

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Trifolium repens」「アカツメクサ」「ムラサキツメクサ」
関連記事	「Trifolium」

「Trifolium repens」

Trifolium pratense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Genus:	Trifolium
Species:	T. pratense
Binomial name
	Trifolium pratense; L.