関: red clover、Trifolium pratense、Trifolium repens

WordNet

any leguminous plant having leaves divided into three leaflets (同)genus Trifolium

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/26 05:37:42」(JST)

wiki en

Clover or trefoil are common names for plants of the genus Trifolium (Latin, tres "three" + folium "leaf"), consisting of about 300 species of plants in the leguminous pea family Fabaceae. A group of clovers is called a cluff. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution; the highest diversity is found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also occur in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics. They are small annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial herbaceous plants. Clover can be evergreen. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely quatrefoiled (Four-leaf clover), cinquefoil, or septfoil), with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the calyx. Other closely related genera often called clovers include Melilotus (sweet clover) and Medicago (alfalfa or Calvary clover).

Cultivation

Several species of clover are extensively cultivated as fodder plants. The most widely cultivated clovers are white clover, Trifolium repens, and red clover, Trifolium pratense. Clover, either sown alone or in mixture with ryegrass, has for a long time formed a staple crop for silaging, for several reasons: it grows freely, shooting up again after repeated mowings; it produces an abundant crop; it is palatable to and nutritious for livestock; it fixes nitrogen, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers; it grows in a great range of soils and climates; and it is appropriate for either pasturage or green composting.

In many areas, particularly on acidic soil, clover is short-lived because of a combination of insect pests, diseases and nutrient balance; this is known as "clover sickness". When crop rotations are managed so that clover does not recur at intervals shorter than eight years, it grows with much of its pristine vigor.

Clover sickness in more recent times may also be linked to pollinator decline; clovers are most efficiently pollinated by bumblebees, which have declined as a result of agricultural intensification.^[3] Honeybees can also pollinate clover, and beekeepers are often in heavy demand from farmers with clover pastures. Farmers reap the benefits of increased reseeding that occurs with increased bee activity, which means that future clover yields remain abundant. Beekeepers benefit from the clover bloom, as clover is one of the main nectar sources for honeybees.

Colorful flowers of clovers, beside Zarivar Lake Iran

White clover

Trifolium repens, white or Dutch clover, is a perennial abundant in meadows and good pastures. The flowers are white or pinkish, becoming brown and deflexed as the corolla fades. Trifolium hybridum, alsike or Swedish clover, is a perennial which was introduced early in the 19th century and has now become naturalized in Britain. The flowers are white or rosy, and resemble those of Trifolium repens. Trifolium medium, meadow or zigzag clover, a perennial with straggling flexuous stems and rose-purple flowers, has potential for interbreeding with T. pratense to produce perennial crop plants.^[4]

Other species are: Trifolium arvense, hare's-foot trefoil; found in fields and dry pastures, a soft hairy plant with minute white or pale pink flowers and feathery sepals; Trifolium fragiferum, strawberry clover, with globose, rose-purple heads and swollen calyxes; Trifolium campestre, hop trefoil, on dry pastures and roadsides, the heads of pale yellow flowers suggesting miniature hops; and the somewhat similar Trifolium dubium, common in pastures and roadsides, with smaller heads and small yellow flowers turning dark brown.

Symbolism

Shamrock, the traditional Irish symbol, which according to legend was coined by Saint Patrick for the Holy Trinity, is commonly associated with clover, although alternatively sometimes with the various species within the Oxalis genus, which are also trifoliate.^[5]

Clovers occasionally have four leaflets, instead of the usual three. These four-leaf clovers, like other rarities, are considered lucky. Clovers can also have five, six, or more leaflets, but these are rarer. The record for most leaflets is 56, set on 10 May 2009.^[6] This beat the "21-leaf clover",^[7] a record set in June 2008 by the same discoverer, who had also held the prior Guinness World Record of 18.^[8]

A common idiom is "to be (or to live) in clover", meaning to live a carefree life of ease, comfort, or prosperity.

The cloverleaf interchange is named for the resemblance to the leaflets of a (four-leaf) clover when viewed from the air.^[9]

Four-leaf white clover (Trifolium repens)
Five-leaf red clover (Trifolium pratense)

Selected species

The genus Trifolium currently has 245 recognized species:^[1]

Trifolium acaule A. Rich.
Trifolium affine C. Presl
Trifolium africanum Ser.
Trifolium aintabense Boiss. & Hausskn.
Trifolium albopurpureum Torr. & A. Gray – rancheria clover
Trifolium alexandrinum L. – Egyptian clover, berseem clover
Trifolium alpestre L.
Trifolium alpinum L. – alpine clover
Trifolium amabile Kunth
Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.
Trifolium amoenum Greene – showy Indian clover
Trifolium andersonii A. Gray – Anderson's clover or fiveleaf clover
Trifolium andinum Nutt. – Intermountain clover
Trifolium andricum Lassen
Trifolium angulatum Waldst. & Kit.
Trifolium angustifolium L.
Trifolium apertum Bobrov
Trifolium argutum Banks & Sol.
Trifolium arvense L. – hare's-foot clover
Trifolium attenuatum Greene
Trifolium aureum Pollich – large hop trefoil
Trifolium baccarinii Chiov.
Trifolium badium Schreb.
Trifolium barbeyi Gibelli & Belli
Trifolium barbigerum Torr. – bearded clover
Trifolium barnebyi (Isely) Dorn & Lichvar
Trifolium batmanicum Katzn.
Trifolium beckwithii W. H. Brewer ex S. Watson – Beckwith's clover
Trifolium bejariense Moric.
Trifolium berytheum Boiss. & Blanche
Trifolium bifidum A. Gray – notchleaf clover
Trifolium bilineatum Fresen.
Trifolium billardierei Spreng.
Trifolium bivonae Guss.
Trifolium blancheanum Boiss.
Trifolium bocconei Savi
Trifolium boissieri Guss. ex Soy.-Will. & Godr.
Trifolium bolanderi A. Gray
Trifolium brandegeei S. Watson
Trifolium breweri S. Watson – forest clover
Trifolium brutium Ten.
Trifolium buckwestiorum Isely – Santa Cruz clover
Trifolium bullatum Boiss. & Hausskn.
Trifolium burchellianum Ser.
Trifolium calcaricum J. L. Collins & Wieboldt
Trifolium calocephalum Fresen.
Trifolium campestre Schreb. – hop trefoil
Trifolium canescens Willd.
Trifolium carolinianum Michx.
Trifolium caucasicum Tausch
Trifolium caudatum Boiss.
Trifolium cernuum Brot.
Trifolium cheranganiense J. B. Gillett
Trifolium cherleri L.
Trifolium chilaloense Thulin
Trifolium chilense Hook. & Arn.
Trifolium chlorotrichum Boiss. & Balansa
Trifolium ciliolatum Benth. – foothill clover
Trifolium cinctum DC.
Trifolium clusii Godr. & Gren.
Trifolium clypeatum L.
Trifolium congestum Guss.
Trifolium constantinopolitanum Ser.
Trifolium cryptopodium Steud. ex A. Rich.
Trifolium cyathiferum Lindl. – cup clover
Trifolium dalmaticum Vis.
Trifolium dasyphyllum Torr. & A. Gray
Trifolium dasyurum C. Presl
Trifolium davisii M. Hossain
Trifolium decorum Chiov.
Trifolium depauperatum Desv. – cowbag clover, balloon sack clover, or poverty clover
Trifolium dichotomum Hook. & Arn.
Trifolium dichroanthoides Rech. f.
Trifolium dichroanthum Boiss.
Trifolium diffusum Ehrh.
Trifolium dolopium Heldr. & Hausskn. ex Gibelli & Belli
Trifolium douglasii House
Trifolium dubium Sibth. – lesser hop trefoil
Trifolium echinatum M. Bieb.
Trifolium elgonense J. B. Gillett
Trifolium eriocephalum Nutt. – woollyhead clover
Trifolium eriosphaerum Boiss.
Trifolium erubescens Fenzl
Trifolium euxinum Zohary
Trifolium eximium Stephan ex Ser.
Trifolium fragiferum L. – strawberry clover
Trifolium friscanum (S.L. Welsh) S.L. Welsh
Trifolium fucatum Lindl. – bull clover or sour clover
Trifolium gemellum Pourr. ex Willd.
Trifolium gillettianum Jacq.-Fél.
Trifolium glanduliferum Boiss.
Trifolium globosum L.
Trifolium glomeratum L. – clustered clover or bush clover
Trifolium gordejevii (Kom.) Z. Wei
Trifolium gracilentum Torr. & A. Gray – pinpoint clover
Trifolium grandiflorum Schreb.
Trifolium gymnocarpon Nutt. – hollyleaf clover
Trifolium haussknechtii Boiss.
Trifolium haydenii Porter
Trifolium heldreichianum (Gibelli & Belli) Hausskn.
Trifolium hirtum All. – rose clover
Trifolium howellii S. Watson – canyon clover or Howell's clover
Trifolium hybridum L. – Alsike clover
Trifolium incarnatum L. – crimson clover
Trifolium israeliticum Zohary & Katzn.
Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot.
Trifolium jokerstii Vincent & Rand. Morgan
Trifolium juliani Batt.
Trifolium kingii S. Watson
Trifolium lanceolatum (J. B. Gillett) J. B. Gillett
Trifolium lappaceum L.
Trifolium latifolium (Hook.) Greene
Trifolium latinum Sebast.
Trifolium leibergii A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr. – Leiberg's clover
Trifolium lemmonii S. Watson – Lemmon's clover
Trifolium leucanthum M. Bieb.
Trifolium ligusticum Balb. ex Loisel.
Trifolium longidentatum Nábelek
Trifolium longipes Nutt. – longstalk clover
Trifolium lucanicum Gasp. ex Guss.
Trifolium lugardii Bullock
Trifolium lupinaster L.
Trifolium macilentum Greene
Trifolium macraei Hook. & Arn. – Chilean clover, double-head clover, or MacRae's clover
Trifolium macrocephalum (Pursh) Poir. – largehead clover
Trifolium masaiense J. B. Gillett
Trifolium mattirolianum Chiov.
Trifolium mazanderanicum Rech. f.
Trifolium medium L. – zigzag clover
Trifolium meduseum Blanche ex Boiss.
Trifolium meironense Zohary & Lerner
Trifolium michelianum Savi.
Trifolium micranthum Viv.
Trifolium microcephalum Pursh – smallhead clover
Trifolium microdon Hook. & Arn. – thimble clover
Trifolium miegeanum Maire
Trifolium monanthum A. Gray – mountain carpet clover
Trifolium montanum L.
Trifolium mucronatum Willd. ex Spreng.
Trifolium multinerve A. Rich.
Trifolium mutabile Port.
Trifolium nanum Torr.
Trifolium neurophyllum Greene
Trifolium nigrescens Viv.
Trifolium noricum Wulfen
Trifolium obscurum Savi
Trifolium obtusiflorum Hook. & Arn. – clammy clover
Trifolium ochroleucum Huds.
Trifolium oliganthum Steud. – fewflower clover
Trifolium ornithopodioides L.
Trifolium owyheense Gilkey
Trifolium pachycalyx Zohary
Trifolium palaestinum Boiss.
Trifolium pallescens Schreb.
Trifolium pallidum Waldst. & Kit.
Trifolium pannonicum Jacq. – Hungarian clover
Trifolium parnassi Boiss. & Spruner
Trifolium parryi A. Gray
Trifolium patens Schreb.
Trifolium patulum Tausch
Trifolium pauciflorum d'Urv.
Trifolium petitianum A. Rich.
Trifolium philistaeum Zohary
Trifolium phitosianum N. Böhling et al.
Trifolium phleoides Pourr. ex Willd.
Trifolium physanthum Hook. & Arn.
Trifolium physodes Steven ex M. Bieb.
Trifolium pichisermollii J. B. Gillett
Trifolium pignantii Brongn. & Bory
Trifolium pilczii Adamović
Trifolium pilulare Boiss.
Trifolium pinetorum Greene
Trifolium plebeium Boiss.
Trifolium plumosum Douglas
Trifolium polymorphum Poir.
Trifolium polyodon Greene
Trifolium polyphyllum C. A. Mey.
Trifolium polystachyum Fresen.
Trifolium praetermissum Greuter et al.
Trifolium pratense L. – red clover^[10]
Trifolium prophetarum M. Hossain
Trifolium pseudostriatum Baker f.
Trifolium purpureum Loisel.
Trifolium purseglovei J. B. Gillett
Trifolium quartinianum A. Rich.
Trifolium radicosum Boiss. & Hohen.
Trifolium reflexum L. – buffalo clover
Trifolium repens L. – shamrock (white clover)
Trifolium resupinatum L. – Persian clover, shaftal
Trifolium retusum L.
Trifolium riograndense Burkart
Trifolium roussaeanum Boiss.
Trifolium rubens L.
Trifolium rueppellianum Fresen.
Trifolium salmoneum Mouterde
Trifolium saxatile All.
Trifolium scabrum L.
Trifolium schimperi A. Rich.
Trifolium scutatum Boiss.
Trifolium sebastianii Savi
Trifolium semipilosum Fresen.
Trifolium setiferum Boiss.
Trifolium simense Fresen.
Trifolium sintenisii Freyn
Trifolium siskiyouense J. M. Gillett
Trifolium somalense Taub.
Trifolium spadiceum L.
Trifolium spananthum Thulin
Trifolium spumosum L.
Trifolium squamosum (or maritimum) L. – sea clover
Trifolium squarrosum L.
Trifolium stellatum L.
Trifolium steudneri Schweinf.
Trifolium stipulaceum Thunb.
Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex A. Eaton – running buffalo clover
Trifolium stolzii Harms
Trifolium striatum L. – knotted clover
Trifolium strictum L.
Trifolium subterraneum L. – subterranean clover
Trifolium suffocatum L.
Trifolium sylvaticum Gérard ex Loisel.
Trifolium tembense Fresen.
Trifolium thalii Vill.
Trifolium thompsonii C. V. Morton – Thompson's clover
Trifolium tomentosum L.
Trifolium triaristatum Bertero ex Colla
Trifolium trichocalyx A. Heller – Monterey clover
Trifolium trichocephalum M. Bieb.
Trifolium trichopterum Pančić
Trifolium tumens Steven ex M. Bieb.
Trifolium ukingense Harms
Trifolium uniflorum L.
Trifolium usambarense Taub.
Trifolium variegatum Nutt. – whitetip clover
Trifolium vavilovii Eig
Trifolium velebiticum Degen
Trifolium velenovskyi Vandas
Trifolium vernum Phil.
Trifolium vesiculosum Savi
Trifolium vestitum D. Heller & Zohary
Trifolium virginicum Small
Trifolium wentzelianum Harms
Trifolium wettsteinii Dörfl. & Hayek
Trifolium wigginsii J. M. Gillett
Trifolium willdenovii Spreng. − tomcat clover
Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm. – cow clover

References

^ ^a ^b "Species Nomenclature in GRIN". Retrieved 2010-08-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Genus Nomenclature in GRIN". Retrieved 2010-07-09.
^ Bumbles make beeline for gardens, study suggests Retrieved 27 November 2010.
^ Isobe, S.; Sawai, A.; Yamaguchi, H.; Gau, M.; Uchiyama, K. (2002). "Breeding potential of the backcross progenies of a hybrid between Trifolium medium × T. pratense to T. pratense". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 82 (2): 395–399. doi:10.4141/P01-034.
^ "Shamrock (Oxalis)". Fine Gardening. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
^ "Most Leaves on a Clover". Guinness World Records. 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
^ Clover Sets Record. Neatorama. Retrieved on 2008-12-07 from http://www.neatorama.com/2008/06/11/21-leaf-clover-sets-record 21-leaf. Archived July 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Most leaves on a clover". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Pollard, Michael (1986). Travel by Road and Rail. Independence, Ohio: Schoolhouse Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780808610403.
^ "Detox and Cleansing". Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2016.

Bibliography

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clover". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 561.

External links

Quattrofolium
Edibility of clover: Edible parts and visual identification of wild clover.
Nitrogen fixation

English Journal

Using plant wax markers to estimate the diet composition of grazing Holstein dairy cows.

Heublein C1, Südekum KH2, Gill FL3, Dohme-Meier F4, Schori F5.
Journal of dairy science.J Dairy Sci.2017 Feb;100(2):1019-1036. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11494. Epub 2016 Dec 9.
The objective of this study was to test whether diet selection of dairy cows under grazing conditions could be estimated using plant wax markers. Furthermore, differences between 2 cow strains and the effect of concentrate supplementation on plant species selection were investigated. The experiment
PMID 27939548

Lucerne transient streak virus; a Recently Detected Virus Infecting Alfafa (Medicago sativa) in Central Saudi Arabia.

Raza A1, Al-Shahwan IM1, Abdalla OA1, Al-Saleh MA1, Amer MA1.
The plant pathology journal.Plant Pathol J.2017 Feb;33(1):43-52. doi: 10.5423/PPJ.OA.06.2016.0143. Epub 2017 Feb 1.
A survey was conducted to determine the status of Lucerne transient streak virus (LTSV) in three high-yielding alfalfa regions in central Saudi Arabia (Riyadh, Qassim, and Hail) during 2014. Three hundred and eight symptomatic alfalfa, and seven Sonchus oleraceus samples were collected. DAS-ELISA in
PMID 28167887

Identification of bean hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tetrahydroxyhexanedioate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HHHT): use of transgenic alfalfa to determine acceptor substrate specificity.

Sullivan ML1.
Planta.Planta.2017 Feb;245(2):397-408. doi: 10.1007/s00425-016-2613-4. Epub 2016 Nov 2.
MAIN CONCLUSION: Transgenic alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) provides a useful reverse genetics platform to elucidate acceptor substrate specificity for uncharacterized BAHD family hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydroxycinnamoyl transferases. Tissues of many plant species accumulate hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives,
PMID 27807616

Japanese Journal

Report on my visit to Kyoto University as an Advanced Futures Fellow: Evolution of cyanogenesis in Trifolium repens in response to spatial and temporal environmental variation in Japan

Johnson Marc T. J.
Journal of Integrated Creative Studies (2019), 1-10, 2019-05
… During this time, I examined how the plant white clover (Trifolium repens), adapts to spatial variation at large and small spatial scales associated with environmental variation in temperature. … Trifolium repens exhibited a a decrease in the frequency of HCN genotypes with increasing latitude and lower temperatures. …
NAID 120006630942

ケンタッキーブルーグラス（Poa pratensis L.）を基幹とする放牧草地の省力的利用管理技術　2．固定放牧条件下における減肥と早期入牧が家畜や草地の生産性に及ぼす影響

八木隆徳,高橋俊
日本草地学会誌 64(3), 163-170, 2018
ケンタッキーブルーグラス−シロクローバ混播草地のための省力的な放牧利用技術を確立するため，ホルスタイン種育成牛を固定放牧し，入牧時期ならびに施肥量が植生，草地と家畜生産性に及ぼす影響を3年間調査した。対照区は草丈12cmで入牧し,施肥は標準施肥量（72-96-132（N-P2O5-K&lt …
NAID 130007679338

植物による5-デオキシストリゴールの立体選択的な水酸化

上野琴巳,中嶌瞳,水谷正治,滝川浩郷,杉本幸裕
日本農薬学会誌（Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｐｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ） 43(3), 198-206, 2018
ストリゴラクトン（SL）の構造多様性を生み出す要因である，最も単純な三環ラクトンを有する5-デオキシストリゴール（5DS）とその立体異性体である4-デオキシオロバンコール（4DO）からストリゴールやソルゴモール，オロバンコールのような水酸化体への変換を検証するため，安定同位体でラベルした基質を水耕液から植物に投与し，培養液に含まれる代謝物をLC-MS/MSで分析した．ワタとレンゲ …
NAID 130007437208

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ジャジクソウ属」「トリフォリウム属」
拡張検索	「Trifolium repens」「Trifolium pratense」「Trifolium属」

「ジャジクソウ属」

Clover
	Trifolium sp. (clover)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Tribe:	Trifolieae
Genus:	Trifolium; L.
Subgenera and sections
	subg. Chronosemium; subg. Trifolium; sect. Glycyrrhizum sect. Involucrarium sect. Lupinaster sect. Paramesus sect. Trichocephalum sect. Trifoliastrum sect. Trifolium sect. Vesicastrum
Synonyms
	Amoria C. Presl; Bobrovia A. P. Khokhr.; Chrysaspis Desv.; Lupinaster Fabr.; Ursia Vassilcz.; Xerosphaera Soják

　　[★]

ラ: Trifolium
関: クローバ、アカツメクサ、Trifolium属、トリフォリウム属

「トリフォリウム属」

　　[★]

ラ: Trifolium
関: ジャジクソウ属、Trifolium属

「Trifolium repens」

　　[★]

クローバ、シロツメクサ

関: clover、red clover、trefoil、Trifolium、Trifolium pratense

「Trifolium pratense」

　　[★]

アカツメクサ、ムラサキツメクサ

関: red clover、Trifolium、Trifolium repens

「Trifolium属」

　　[★]

ラ: Trifolium
関: ジャジクソウ属、トリフォリウム属

[species-1] "Species Nomenclature in GRIN". Retrieved 2010-08-04.

[Genera-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Genus Nomenclature in GRIN". Retrieved 2010-07-09.

[Bumbles_make_beeline_for_gardens.2C_study_suggests-3] Bumbles make beeline for gardens, study suggests Retrieved 27 November 2010.

[4] Isobe, S.; Sawai, A.; Yamaguchi, H.; Gau, M.; Uchiyama, K. (2002). "Breeding potential of the backcross progenies of a hybrid between Trifolium medium × T. pratense to T. pratense". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 82 (2): 395–399. doi:10.4141/P01-034.

[5] "Shamrock (Oxalis)". Fine Gardening. Retrieved February 28, 2017.

[6] "Most Leaves on a Clover". Guinness World Records. 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-23.

[neatorama-7] Clover Sets Record. Neatorama. Retrieved on 2008-12-07 from http://www.neatorama.com/2008/06/11/21-leaf-clover-sets-record 21-leaf. Archived July 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.

[8] "Most leaves on a clover". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[9] Pollard, Michael (1986). Travel by Road and Rail. Independence, Ohio: Schoolhouse Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780808610403.

[10] "Detox and Cleansing". Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2016.

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案内

Trifolium