WordNet

the amount per unit size (同)denseness

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『密集』;『密度』,濃さ / 〈U〉〈C〉(物質の)密度,濃度,比重 / 〈U〉《話》頭の鈍さ,愚鈍さ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/09 16:28:19」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membrane. PSDs were originally identified by electron microscopy as an electron-dense region at the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. The PSD is in close apposition to the presynaptic active zone and ensures that receptors are in close proximity to presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites. PSDs vary in size and composition among brain regions and have been studied in great detail at glutamatergic synapses. Hundreds of proteins have been identified in the postsynaptic density including glutamate receptors, scaffold proteins, and many signaling molecules.

Function

The PSD has been proposed to concentrate and organize neurotransmitter receptors in the synaptic cleft. The PSD also serves as a signaling apparatus. For instance kinases and phosphatases in the PSD are activated and released from the PSD to change the activity of proteins located in the spine or are transported to the nucleus to affect protein synthesis. Some of the features of the PSD are similar to the neuromuscular junction and other cellular junctions, as the PSD has been modeled as a specialized cellular junction that allows for rapid, asymmetrical signaling.

Structure

The structure and composition of the PSD have been the focus of numerous molecular studies of synaptic plasticity, a cellular model of learning and memory. PSDs are sized on the order of 250 to 500 nanometres in diameter and 25 to 50 nanometres in thickness, depending on the activity state of the synapse. During synaptic plasticity, the total size of the PSD is increasing along with an increase in synaptic size and strength after inducing long-term potentiation at single synapses.^[1]

Composition

Many proteins in the PSD are involved in the regulation of synaptic function. Key among these, are postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95), neuroligin (a cellular adhesion molecule), NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and actin. As protein detection technologies have increased in sensitivity, such as with improvements in mass spectrometry techniques, more numerous proteins have been attributed to the PSD. Current estimates are greater than several hundred proteins are found at PSDs among brain regions and during different states of development and synaptic activity. PSDs also contain cell adhesion molecules and a diverse set of other signaling proteins. Many of the PSD proteins contain PDZ domains.

External links

Postsynaptic Density- Cell Centered Database

References

^ Meyer, D.; Bonhoeffer T.; Scheuss V. (2014). "Balance and Stability of Synaptic Structures during Synaptic Plasticity". Neuron 82 (2): 430–443. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.031. PMID 24742464.

General review

Kennedy MB (June 1997). "The postsynaptic density at glutamatergic synapses". Trends in Neuroscience 20 (6): 264–268. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(96)01033-8. PMID 9185308.
Ziff EB (December 1997). "Enlightening the postsynaptic density". Neuron 19 (6): 1163–74. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80409-2. PMID 9427241.
Kennedy MB (October 2000). "Signal-processing machines at the postsynaptic density". Science 290 (5492): 750–4. doi:10.1126/science.290.5492.750. PMID 11052931.

Structure and composition

Banker G, Churchill L, Cotman CW (November 1974). "PROTEINS OF THE POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY". J. Cell Biol. 63 (2 Pt 1): 456–65. doi:10.1083/jcb.63.2.456. PMC 2110954. PMID 4419608.
Cohen RS, Blomberg F, Berzins K, Siekevitz P (July 1977). "The structure of postsynaptic densities isolated from dog cerebral cortex: I. overall morphology and protein composition". J. Cell Biol. 74 (1): 181–203. doi:10.1083/jcb.74.1.181. PMC 2109867. PMID 194906.
Blomberg F, Cohen RS, Siekevitz P (July 1977). "The structure of postsynaptic densities isolated from dog cerebral cortex: II. characterization and arrangement of some of the major proteins within the structure". J. Cell Biol. 74 (1): 204–25. doi:10.1083/jcb.74.1.204. PMC 2109869. PMID 406264.
Walikonis RS, Jensen ON, Mann M, Provance DW, Mercer JA, Kennedy MB (June 2000). "Identification of proteins in the postsynaptic density fraction by mass spectrometry". J. Neurosci. 20 (11): 4069–80. PMID 10818142.
Peng J, Kim MJ, Cheng D, Duong DM, Gygi SP, Sheng M (May 2004). "Semiquantitative proteomic analysis of rat forebrain postsynaptic density fractions by mass spectrometry". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (20): 21003–11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M400103200. PMID 15020595.
Jordan BA, Fernholz BD, Boussac M et al. (September 2004). "Identification and verification of novel rodent postsynaptic density proteins". Mol. Cell Proteomics 3 (9): 857–71. doi:10.1074/mcp.M400045-MCP200. PMID 15169875.
Baron MK, Boeckers TM, Vaida B et al. (January 2006). "An architectural framework that may lie at the core of the postsynaptic density". Science 311 (5760): 531–5. doi:10.1126/science.1118995. PMID 16439662.
Collins MO, Husi H, Yu L et al. (April 2006). "Molecular characterization and comparison of the components and multiprotein complexes in the postsynaptic proteome". J. Neurochem. 97 (Suppl 1): 16–23. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03507.x. PMID 16635246.
Alié Alexandre, Manuel Michaël (February 2010). "The backbone of the post-synaptic density originated in a unicellular ancestor of choanoflagellates and metazoans". BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 34. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-34. PMC 2824662. PMID 20128896.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. リポ蛋白の分類、代謝、およびアテローム性動脈硬化症における役割 lipoprotein classification metabolism and role in atherosclerosis
2. LDLコレステロール代謝の遺伝性疾患 inherited disorders of ldl cholesterol metabolism
3. 閉経後の女性における骨粗鬆症のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
4. 女性における乳癌リスクに影響を与える因子 factors that modify breast cancer risk in women
5. 重症筋無力症の病因 pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis

English Journal

Distribution of the SynDIG4/proline-rich transmembrane protein 1 in rat brain.

Kirk LM1, Ti SW2, Bishop HI2, Orozco-Llamas M1, Pham M1, Trimmer JS2,3, Díaz E1.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2016 Aug 1;524(11):2266-80. doi: 10.1002/cne.23945. Epub 2015 Dec 29.
The modulation of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) content at synapses is thought to be an underlying molecular mechanism of memory and learning. AMPAR content at synapses is highly plastic and is regulated by numerous AMPAR accessory transmembrane proteins such as TARPs, cornichons, and CKAMPs. SynDIG (synaps
PMID 26660156

D-Aspartate drinking solution alleviates pain and cognitive impairment in neuropathic mice.

Palazzo E1,2, Luongo L1, Guida F1, Marabese I1, Romano R1, Iannotta M1, Rossi F3, D'Aniello A1,4, Stella L1, Marmo F5, Usiello A6, de Bartolomeis A5, Maione S7, de Novellis V1.
Amino acids.Amino Acids.2016 Jul;48(7):1553-67. doi: 10.1007/s00726-016-2205-4. Epub 2016 Apr 26.
D-Aspartate (D-Asp) is a free D-amino acid detected in multiple brain regions and putative precursor of endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) acting as agonist at NMDA receptors. In this study, we investigated whether D-Asp (20 mM) in drinking solution for 1 month affects pain responses and pain-
PMID 27115160

Prenatal immune activation causes hippocampal synaptic deficits in the absence of overt microglia anomalies.

Giovanoli S1, Weber-Stadlbauer U2, Schedlowski M3, Meyer U4, Engler H3.
Brain, behavior, and immunity.Brain Behav Immun.2016 Jul;55:25-38. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.015. Epub 2015 Sep 25.
Prenatal exposure to infectious or inflammatory insults can increase the risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorder in later life, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. These brain disorders are also characterized by pre- and postsynaptic deficits. Using a well-established mouse m
PMID 26408796

Japanese Journal

Ligand binding of PDZ domains has various roles in the synaptic clustering of SAP102 and PSD-95.

Minatohara Keiichiro,Ichikawa Sho-Hei,Seki Tatsuya,Fujiyoshi Yoshinori,Doi Tomoko
Neuroscience letters 533, 44-49, 2013-01-15
… Synapse-associated protein 102 (SAP102) and postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) bind to NMDA receptors through PDZ domains and cluster at excitatory postsynaptic sites called postsynaptic densities (PSD). …
NAID 120005197830

Cell type-specific inhibitory inputs to dendritic and somatic compartments of parvalbumin-expressing neocortical interneuron.

Hioki Hiroyuki,Okamoto Shinichiro,Konno Michiteru,Kameda Hiroshi,Sohn Jaerin,Kuramoto Eriko,Fujiyama Fumino,Kaneko Takeshi
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 33(2), 544-555, 2013-01-09
… We first examined GABAergic inputs to PV neurons by labeling postsynaptic and presynaptic sites with the immunoreactivities for gephyrin and vesicular GABA transporter. … The density of GABAergic inputs was highest on the cell bodies, and almost linearly decreased to the distal dendrites. …
NAID 120005300466

Impaired synaptic clustering of postsynaptic density proteins and altered signal transmission in hippocampal neurons, and disrupted learning behavior in PDZ1 and PDZ2 ligand binding-deficient PSD-95 knockin mice.

Nagura Hitoshi,Ishikawa Yasuyuki,Kobayashi Katsunori,Takao Keizo,Tanaka Tomo,Nishikawa Kouki,Tamura Hideki,Shiosaka Sadao,Suzuki Hidenori,Miyakawa Tsuyoshi,Fujiyoshi Yoshinori,Doi Tomoko
Molecular brain 5, 2012-12-26
… [Background]Postsynaptic density (PSD)-95-like membrane-associated guanylate kinases (PSD-MAGUKs) are scaffold proteins in PSDs that cluster signaling molecules near NMDA receptors. …
NAID 120005323021

「PSD」

Postsynaptic density
	Ultra-structural analysis of synapses in the brainstem of wild-type (WT)mice at embryonic day 18.5. Synapses of WT neurons in the pre-Bötzinger-complex area exhibit presynaptic vesicles (asterisks), a synaptic cleft and a distinct postsynaptic density (arrowheads). Scale bar, 250 nm. From Heupel et al., 2008
Details
Latin	densitas postsynaptica
Identifiers
Code	TH H2.00.06.2.00021
	Anatomical terminology