関: domestic rabbit、Lagomorpha、Oryctolagus cuniculus、rabbit

WordNet

small short-eared burrowing mammal of rocky uplands of Asia and western North America (同)mouse hare, rock rabbit, coney, cony
hunt rabbits
any of various burrowing animals of the family Leporidae having long ears and short tails; some domesticated and raised for pets or food (同)coney, cony
flesh of any of various rabbits or hares (wild or domesticated) eaten as food (同)hare
rabbits; hares; pikas; formerly considered the suborder Duplicidentata of the order Rodentia (同)order Lagomorpha
similar to little chief hare and may be same species (同)Ochotona collaris
the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle; approximately equal to 3.14159265358979323846...
the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet

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〈C〉ウサギ;《米》(一般にhareも含めて)ウサギ / 〈U〉ウサギの毛皮(肉) / 〈C〉《英話》(ゴルフ・クリケット,特にテニスの)へたなプレーヤー / ウサギを狩る
〈C〉パイ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第16字Π,π;英語のP,pに相当) / 〈U〉円周率(記号はπ)
ごちゃまぜの活字 / ごちゃまぜ,混乱

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/22 06:54:48」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Pica or Pikachu.

The pika (/ˈpaɪkə/ PY-kə; archaically spelled pica) is a small mammal, with short limbs, rounded ears, and no external tail. The name pika is used for any member of the Ochotonidae, a family within the order of lagomorphs, which also includes the Leporidae (rabbits and hares). One genus, Ochotona, is recognised within the family, and it includes 30 species. It is also known as the "whistling hare" due to its high-pitched alarm call when diving into its burrow. The name "pika" appears to be derived from the Tungus piika.

Habitat

Collared pika on Hatcher Pass Alaska

Pikas are native to cold climates, mostly in Asia, North America and parts of Eastern Europe. Most species live on rocky mountain sides, where there are numerous crevices in which to shelter, although some pika also construct crude burrows. A few burrowing species are native to open steppe land. In the mountains of Eurasia, pikas often share their burrows with snowfinches, which build their nests there.^[3]

Characteristics

Ochotona sp. fossils

Pikas are small mammals, with short limbs and small rounded ears. They are about 15 to 23 centimetres (5.9 to 9.1 in) in body length and weigh between 120 and 350 grams (4.2 and 12.3 oz), depending on species. Like rabbits, after eating they initially produce soft green feces, which they eat again to take in further nutrition, before producing the final, solid, fecal pellets. Some pikas, such as the collared pika, have been known to store dead birds in their burrows, for food during winter.^[4]

These animals are herbivores, and feed on a wide variety of plant matter, including forbs, grasses, sedges, shrub twigs, moss, and lichen. As with other lagomorphs, pikas have gnawing incisors and no canines, although they have fewer molars than rabbits, giving them a dental formula of: 2.0.3.21.0.2.3

Rock-dwelling pikas have small litters of fewer than five young, while the burrowing species tend to give birth to more young, and to breed more frequently, possibly due to a greater availability of resources in their native habitats. The young are born after a gestation period of between 25 and 30 days.^[3]

Activity

Vegetation pile, drying on rocks for subsequent storage. Gad Valley, Snowbird Ski Resort, Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah

American pika with mouthful of dried grass. Sequoia National Park, CA

Pikas are diurnal or crepuscular, with higher-elevation species generally being more active during the daytime. They show their peak activity just before the winter season. Pikas do not hibernate, so they generally spend time during the summer collecting and storing food they will eat over the winter. Each rock-dwelling pika stores its own "haypile" of dried vegetation, while burrowing species often share food stores with their burrow mates. Haying behavior is more prominent at higher elevations. Many of the vocalizations and social behaviors that pikas exhibit are related to haypile defense.

Eurasian pikas commonly live in family groups and share duties of gathering food and keeping watch. At least some species are territorial. North American pikas (O. princeps and O. collaris) are asocial, leading solitary lives outside the breeding season.

Species

There are 30 species listed.

Order Lagomorpha^[1]
- Family Ochotonidae: pikas
  - Genus Ochotona
    - Subgenus Pika: northern pikas
      - Alpine pika/Altai Pika, Ochotona alpina
      - Silver pika, Ochotona argentata
      - Collared pika, Ochotona collaris
      - Hoffmann's pika, Ochotona hoffmanni
      - Northern pika/Siberian pika, Ochotona hyperborea
      - Pallas's pika, Ochotona pallasi
      - American pika, Ochotona princeps
      - Turuchan pika, Ochotona turuchanensis
    - Subgenus Ochotona: shrub-steppe pikas
      - Gansu pika/Gray pika, Ochotona cansus
      - Plateau pika/Black-lipped pika, Ochotona curzoniae
      - Daurian pika, Ochotona dauurica
      - Tsing-ling pika, Ochotona huangensis
      - Nubra pika, Ochotona nubrica
      - Steppe pika, Ochotona pusilla
      - Afghan pika, Ochotona rufescens
      - Moupin pika, Ochotona thibetana
      - Thomas's pika, Ochotona thomasi
    - Subgenus Conothoa: mountain pikas
      - Chinese red pika, Ochotona erythrotis
      - Forrest's pika, Ochotona forresti
      - Gaoligong pika, Ochotona gaoligongensis
      - Glover's pika, Ochotona gloveri
      - Himalayan pika, Ochotona himalayana
      - Ili pika, Ochotona iliensis
      - Koslov's pika, Ochotona koslowi
      - Ladak pika, Ochotona ladacensis
      - Large-eared pika, Ochotona macrotis
      - Muli pika, Ochotona muliensis
      - Black pika, Ochotona nigritia
      - Royle's pika, Ochotona roylei
      - Turkestan red pika, Ochotona rutila

Extinct pikas

There are many known fossil forms of Ochotona described in the literature.

Eurasia
- large forms
  - †Ochotona lagreli ^[5]
  - †Ochotona chowmincheni ^[5]
  - †Ochotona gromovi ^[5]
  - †Ochotona gudrunae ^[5]
  - †Ochotona guizhongensis ^[5]
  - †Ochotona magna ^[5]
  - †Ochotona tologoica ^[5]
  - †Ochotona transcaucasica ^[5]
  - †Ochotona ursui (Romania)^[5]
  - †Ochotona zasuchini ^[5]
  - †Ochotona zazhigini ^[5]
  - †Ochotona zhangi ^[5]
- medium-sized forms
  - †Ochotona agadjianiani ^[5]
  - †Ochotona antiqua (Moldavia, Ukraine and the Russian Plain)^[5]
  - †Ochotona lingtaica ^[5]
  - †Ochotona dodogolica ^[5]
  - †Ochotona nihewanica ^[5]^[6]
  - †Ochotona plicodenta ^[5]
  - †Ochotona polonica (Poland)^[5]
- small-sized forms
  - †Ochotona bazarovi^[6]
  - †Ochotona dehmi (Germany)^[5]
  - †Ochotona filippovi^[6]
  - †Ochotona gracilis ^[5]
  - †Ochotona horaceki (Slovakia)^[5]
  - †Ochotona minor ^[5]
  - †Ochotona sibirica ^[5]
  - †Ochotona valerotae (France)^[5]
  - †Ochotona youngi ^[5]
    and others.^[5]
- other examples
  - †Ochotona pseudopusilla (Ukraine and Russian Plain)^[5]
  - †Ochotona spelaeus^[7]
North America
- †Ochotona spanglei^[8]^[9]
- †Ochotona whartoni (giant pika)^[10]^[11]
- small pikas similar to the O. pusilla group^[5]^[6]

The "pusilla" group of pikas is characterized by archaic (plesiomorphic) cheek teeth and small size.^[6]

The North American species migrated from Eurasia. They invaded the New World twice:

Ochotona spanglei during the latest Miocene or early Pliocene, followed by an approximately three million year long gap in the known North American pikas record.^[5]
Ochotona whartoni (giant pika) and small pikas via the Bering Land Bridge during the earliest Pleistocene.^[5]

Ochotona cf. whartoni and small pikas of the O. pusilla group are also known from Siberia. The extant, endemic North American species appeared in the Pleistocene. It has been suggested that the North American collared pika (O. collaris) and American pika (O. princeps) descended from the same ancestor as the steppe pika (O. pusilla).^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Hoffman, R. S.; Smith, A. T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 185–193. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Savage, RJG, & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. p. 128. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.
^ ^a ^b Kawamichi, Takeo (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 726–727. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
^ http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ochotona_collaris/
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Mead, Jim I.; Alexeeva, Nadezhda V.; Angelone, Chiara; Swift, Sandra L. (2011). "Taxonomic diversity of Late Cenozoic Asian and North American ochotonids (an overview)". Palaeontologia Electronica (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology): 1–9. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Mead, Jim I.; Swift, Sandra L. (2003). "Evolution and development of Asian and North American ochotonids". Occasional Papers in Earth Sciences No. 5 (Palaeontology Program Government of the Yukon): 33–34. Retrieved April 13, 2014. "3rd INTERNATIONAL MAMMOTH CONFERENCE, 2003: PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS, Edited by John E. Storer"
^ Rekovets, Leonid (2003). "Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in the periglacial faunas of Ukraine". Occasional Papers in Earth Sciences No. 5 (Palaeontology Program Government of the Yukon): 130–131. Retrieved April 13, 2014. "3rd INTERNATIONAL MAMMOTH CONFERENCE, 2003: PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS, Edited by John E. Storer"
^ Shotwell, J. Arnold (1956). "Hemphillian mammalian assemblage from northeastern Oregon". Geological Society America Bulletin (Geological Society America) 67 (6): 717–738. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[717:HMAFNO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
^ "The Paleobiology Database. †Ochotona spanglei Shotwell 1956". Retrieved April 19, 2014.
^ Guthrie, R.D.; Matthews, John V. Jr. (1971). "The Cape Deceit fauna—Early pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan arctic". Quaternary Research 1 (4): 474–510. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(71)90060-3. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
^ "The Paleobiology Database. †Ochotona whartoni Guthrie and Matthews, Jr. 1971 (pika)". Retrieved April 13, 2014.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ochotona.

The trek of the pika, by Michael Morris, Parks Canada, Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks. Available at: http://cmiae.org/national-park-feature-article/the-trek-of-the-pika/. INCLUDES SOUND FILE.

English Journal

Physicochemical characterization and toxicological evaluation of plant-based anionic polymers and their nanoparticulated system for ocular delivery.

Pathak D1, Kumar P, Kuppusamy G, Gupta A, Kamble B, Wadhwani A.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Dec;8(8):843-55. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.834996. Epub 2013 Sep 18.
The water-soluble fractions of mucilages and gum from the seeds of fenugreek, isphagula and mango bark exudate were isolated, purified and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), maldi/GC-MS, elemental analysis, 1D ((1)H and (13)C) a
PMID 23952497

Lowly pathogenic avian influenza (H9N2) infection in Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), Qinghai Lake, China.

Yu Z1, Cheng K2, Sun W3, Xin Y3, Cai J4, Ma R4, Zhao Q4, Li L3, Huang J5, Sang X3, Li X6, Zhang K7, Wang T3, Qin C7, Qian J3, Gao Y8, Xia X9.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2014 Sep 17;173(1-2):132-5. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.002. Epub 2014 Jul 12.
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are globally important contagions. Several domestic mammals can be infected with AIVs and may play important roles in the adaptation and transmission of these viruses in mammals, although the roles of wild mammals in the natural ecology of AIVs are not yet clear. Here,
PMID 25069623

Definition of novel electrochemotherapy parameters and validation of their in vitro and in vivo effectiveness.

Spugnini EP1, Melillo A, Quagliuolo L, Boccellino M, Vincenzi B, Pasquali P, Baldi A.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Sep;229(9):1177-81. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24548.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a cancer therapy that conjugates the administration of a chemotherapy agent to the delivery of permeabilizing pulses released singularly or as bursts. This approach results in higher number of anticancer molecules delivered to their biological targets, but is also associ
PMID 24403005

Japanese Journal

天塩岳周辺におけるエゾナキウサギ生息地の分布

車田利夫,稲富佳洋,浅野正嗣
北海道環境科学研究センター所報 (36), 70-76, 2010-10-00
NAID 40018742479

置戸山地中山におけるエゾナキウサギ生息地の分布と利用状況

車田利夫
北海道環境科学研究センター所報 (36), 65-69, 2010-10-00
NAID 40018742478

Compatibility of tissue conditioners and denture cleansers: Influence on surface conditions

Murata Hiroshi,Chimori Hironori,Hong Guang,Hamada Taizo,Nikawa Hiroki
Dental materials journal 29(4), 446-453, 2010-07-01
… Three tissue conditioners (Hydro-Cast, SR-Ivoseal, Visco-Gel) and 3 types of denture cleansers (Pika [enzyme type], Polident [neutral peroxide type with enzymes], Steradent [alkaline peroxide type]) were evaluated. …
NAID 10026565006

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「rabbit」「Oryctolagus cuniculus」「Lagomorpha」「ナキウサギ」「domestic rabbit」

「rabbit」

Pika; Temporal range: Oligocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	American pika (Ochotona princeps) in Sequoia National Park
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Lagomorpha
Family:	Ochotonidae; Thomas, 1897
Genus:	Ochotona; Link, 1795
Type species
	Ochotona dauurica; Link, 1795; (Lepus dauuricus Pallas, 1776)
Species
	See text

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英: pika
関: ウサギ、アナウサギ、ウサギ目、イエウサギ

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[MSW-1] Hoffman, R. S.; Smith, A. T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 185–193. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[2] Savage, RJG, & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. p. 128. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.

[EoM-3] Kawamichi, Takeo (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 726–727. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.

[4] ttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ochotona_collaris/

[Erbajeva11-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Mead, Jim I.; Alexeeva, Nadezhda V.; Angelone, Chiara; Swift, Sandra L. (2011). "Taxonomic diversity of Late Cenozoic Asian and North American ochotonids (an overview)". Palaeontologia Electronica (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology): 1–9. Retrieved April 13, 2014.

[Erbajeva03-6] Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Mead, Jim I.; Swift, Sandra L. (2003). "Evolution and development of Asian and North American ochotonids". Occasional Papers in Earth Sciences No. 5 (Palaeontology Program Government of the Yukon): 33–34. Retrieved April 13, 2014. "3rd INTERNATIONAL MAMMOTH CONFERENCE, 2003: PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS, Edited by John E. Storer"

[Rekovets-7] Rekovets, Leonid (2003). "Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in the periglacial faunas of Ukraine". Occasional Papers in Earth Sciences No. 5 (Palaeontology Program Government of the Yukon): 130–131. Retrieved April 13, 2014. "3rd INTERNATIONAL MAMMOTH CONFERENCE, 2003: PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS, Edited by John E. Storer"

[Shotwell56-8] Shotwell, J. Arnold (1956). "Hemphillian mammalian assemblage from northeastern Oregon". Geological Society America Bulletin (Geological Society America) 67 (6): 717–738. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[717:HMAFNO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved April 19, 2014.

[PaleoDBOspan-9] "The Paleobiology Database. †Ochotona spanglei Shotwell 1956". Retrieved April 19, 2014.

[GuthrieMatthews71-10] Guthrie, R.D.; Matthews, John V. Jr. (1971). "The Cape Deceit fauna—Early pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan arctic". Quaternary Research 1 (4): 474–510. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(71)90060-3. Retrieved April 13, 2014.

[PaleoDBOwhar-11] "The Paleobiology Database. †Ochotona whartoni Guthrie and Matthews, Jr. 1971 (pika)". Retrieved April 13, 2014.

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pika