phonological disorder

WordNet

1. bring disorder to (同)disarray
2. a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
3. a disturbance of the peace or of public order
4. of or relating to phonology; "the phonological component of language" (同)phonologic
5. not arranged in order (同)unordered

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/01 22:16:29」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Main article: Speech and language pathology

Speech disorder
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	F98.5-F98.6, R47
ICD-9	307.0, 784.5
MeSH	D013064

Speech disorders or speech impediments are a type of communication disorder where 'normal' speech is disrupted. This can mean stuttering, lisps, etc. Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.

Classification

Classifying speech into normal and disordered is more problematic than it first seems. By a strict classification^{[citation needed]}, only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking (with respect to all parameters) and healthy voice; all others suffer from one disorder or another.

• Stuttering affects approximately 1% of the adult population.
• Cluttering, a speech disorder that has similarities to stuttering.
• Dysprosody is the rarest neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadence, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the fundamental frequency, and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors.
• Muteness is complete inability to speak
• Speech sound disorders involve difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/), and are subdivided into articulation disorders (also called phonetic disorders) and phonemic disorders. Articulation disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to produce sounds physically. Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.
• Voice disorders are impairments, often physical, that involve the function of the larynx or vocal resonance.
• Dysarthria is a weakness or paralysis of speech muscles caused by damage to the nerves and/or brain. Dysarthria is often caused by strokes, parkinsons disease, ALS, head or neck injuries, surgical accident, or cerebral palsy.
• Apraxia of speech may result from stroke or progressive illness, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word ("potato" may become "topato" and next "totapo"). Production of words becomes more difficult with effort, but common phrases may sometimes be spoken spontaneously without effort.
• Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as childhood apraxia of speech.

There are three different levels of classification when determining the magnitude and type of a speech disorder and the proper treatment or therapy:

1. Sounds the patient can produce
   1. Phonemic- can be produced easily; used meaningfully and contrastively
   2. Phonetic- produced only upon request; not used consistently, meaningfully, or contrastively; not used in connected speech
2. Stimulable sounds
   1. Easily stimulable
   2. Stimulable after demonstration and probing (i.e. with a tongue depressor)
3. Cannot produce the sound
   1. Cannot be produced voluntarily
   2. No production ever observed

Causes

In many cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, intellectual disability, drug abuse, physical impairments such as Cleft lip and palate, and vocal abuse or misuse." Child abuse may also be a cause in some cases.

Treatment

Many of these types of disorders can be treated by speech therapy, but others require medical attention by a doctor in phoniatrics. Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and psychotherapy.

In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. Children who struggle to learn to talk often experience persistent communication difficulties in addition to academic struggles. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools’ special education programs in the 2000-2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impediment. This estimate does not include children who have speech and language impairments secondary to other conditions such as deafness". Many school districts provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.

Patients will be treated in teams, depending on the type of disorder they have. A team can include SLPs, specialists, family doctors, teachers,and family members.

Social effects

Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. The bullying can result in decreased self-esteem. Later in life, bullying is experienced less by a general population, as people become more understanding as they age.

Language disorders

Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously.

Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production

See also

• British Stammering Association
• FOXP2
• KE family
• Language disorder
• List of voice disorders
• Manner of articulation

• Motor speech disorders
• Speech and language pathology
• Speech and language pathology in school settings
• Speech and language assessment
• Speech perception
• Speech repetition

References

External links

• Online voice and speech disorder community (VoiceMatters.net)
• Speech and Language Disorders
• Lisp Issues - A look at solutions for lispers
• Australian Speak Easy Association (Support Group For People Who Stutter)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 小児における知的障害（精神遅滞）：定義、原因および診断 intellectual disability mental retardation in children definition causes and diagnosis
• 2. 前頭側頭型認知症：臨床的特徴および診断 frontotemporal dementia clinical features and diagnosis
• 3. 幼児の表出性言語遅滞（「late talking」） overview of expressive language delay late talking in young children
• 4. 読字障害の小児に対する介入 interventions for children with reading difficulty
• 5. 小児における正常な読みの発達および読字障害 normal reading development and etiology of reading difficulty in children

English Journal

• Neural correlates of phonological processing in speech sound disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

• Tkach JA, Chen X, Freebairn LA, Schmithorst VJ, Holland SK, Lewis BA.SourceCase Center of Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
• Brain and language.Brain Lang.2011 Oct;119(1):42-9. Epub 2011 Apr 1.
• Speech sound disorders (SSD) are the largest group of communication disorders observed in children. One explanation for these disorders is that children with SSD fail to form stable phonological representations when acquiring the speech sound system of their language due to poor phonological memory
• PMID 21458852

Japanese Journal

• 我が国の読み障害研究における今後の課題 : 音韻に視点を当てた定型発達児の読み研究の必要性

• 迫野 詩乃,伊藤 友彦
• 東京学芸大学紀要. 総合教育科学系 62(2), 13-21, 2011-02
• NAID 110008452405

Related Links

• Phonological disorder - children, causes, DSM, effects, therapy ...

11 Aug 2009 ... Phonological disorder is sometimes referred to as articulation disorder, developmental articulation disorder, or speech sound production disorder. If there is no known cause, it is sometimes called "developmental phonological ...

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「音韻障害」
関連記事	「disorder」

「音韻障害」

　　[★]

英

phonological disorder

関

韻律障害

「disorder」

　　[★]

• 障害：個人的苦痛や機能の障害があるので「疾病」とは言えるものの、その背景にある臓器障害がもう一つはっきりしない場合に用いられる。(PSY.9)

• n.

• an untidy state; a lack of order or organization (⇔order)
• violent behaviour of large groups of people
• an illness that cause a part of the body to stop functioning correctly

• 注意

disease <> illness <> disorder

• vt.

• 乱す、乱雑にする。(人)の(心身の)調子を狂わせる。

• vi.