WordNet

an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia
any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)

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菌(葉緑素が無く,他の生物の有機物に依存しているキノコ,カビなど)
病原菌,病原体
発病させる,病原性の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/19 15:25:20」(JST)

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Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. The study of pathogenic fungi is referred to as "medical mycology." Although fungi are eukaryotic organisms, many pathogenic fungi are also microorganisms.^[1] Fungicides, such as ziram are used to protect plants against fungal infections.^{[citation needed]}

Candida

Candida. Pap test specimen. Pap stain.

Candida species cause infections in individuals with deficient immune systems. Th1-type cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is required for clearance of a fungal infection.

Aspergillus

Aspergillosis. H&E stain.

The most common pathogenic species are Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin which is both a toxin and a carcinogen and which can potentially contaminate foods such as nuts. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus clavatus can cause allergic disease. Some Aspergillus species cause disease on grain crops, especially maize, and synthesize mycotoxins including aflatoxin. Aspergillosis is the group of diseases caused by Aspergillus. The symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain or breathlessness. Usually, only patients with weakened immune systems or with other lung conditions are susceptible.^[1]

Cryptococcus

Cryptococcus. FNA specimen. Field stain.

Cryptococcus neoformans can cause a severe form of meningitis and meningo-encephalitis in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. The majority of Cryptococcus species live in the soil and do not cause disease in humans. Cryptococcus neoformans is the major human and animal pathogen. Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus albidus have been known to occasionally cause moderate-to-severe disease in human patients with compromised immunity. Cryptococcus gattii is endemic to tropical parts of the continent of Africa and Australia and can cause disease in non-immunocompromised people.^[1]

Histoplasma

Histoplasmosis. PASD stain.

Histoplasma capsulatum can cause histoplasmosis in humans, dogs and cats. The fungus is most prevalent in the Americas, India and southeastern Asia. It is endemic in certain areas of the United States. Infection is usually due to inhaling contaminated air.

Pneumocystis

Pneumocystis jirovecii (or Pneumocystis carinii) can cause a form of pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems, such as premature children, the elderly and AIDS patients.^[2]

Stachybotrys

Stachybotrys chartarum or "black mold" can cause respiratory damage and severe headaches. It frequently occurs in houses in regions that are chronically damp.

Endothermy

Mammalian endothermy and homeothermy are potent nonspecific defenses against most fungi.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c San-Blas G; Calderone RA, ed. (2008). Pathogenic Fungi: Insights in Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-32-5.
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Robert, V. A.; Casadevall, A. (2009). "Vertebrate Endothermy Restricts Most Fungi as Potential Pathogens". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 200 (10): 1623–1626. doi:10.1086/644642. PMID 19827944.

External links

Ecmm.eu: Official European Confederation of Medical Mycology website

UpToDate Contents

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1. 犬および猫以外のペットからの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from pets other than dogs and cats
2. 真菌性副鼻腔炎 fungal rhinosinusitis
3. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis
4. 膀胱および腎臓のカンジダ感染症 candida infections of the bladder and kidneys
5. A群レンサ球菌：病原性因子および発症機序 group a streptococcus virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms

English Journal

Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticles from Fungi and Metal Salts: Scope and Application.

Siddiqi KS1, Husen A2.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1311-2. Epub 2016 Feb 24.
Fungi secrete enzymes and proteins as reducing agents which can be used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles from metal salts. Large-scale production of nanoparticles from diverse fungal strains has great potential since they can be grown even in vitro. In recent years, various approaches have b
PMID 26909778

Effect of Chinese medicinal herbal residues on microbial community succession and anti-pathogenic properties during co-composting with food waste.

Zhou Y1, Selvam A1, Wong JW2.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2016 Oct;217:190-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.080. Epub 2016 Mar 15.
This study investigated the antimicrobial properties of Chinese medicinal herbal residues (CMHRs) during its co-composting with food waste (FW) in two different ratios along with a control. Inhibition on total microbial population were assessed while the numerically dominant microbes were isolated a
PMID 27039351

A magnificent enzyme superfamily: carbonic anhydrases, their purification and characterization.

Ozensoy Guler O1, Capasso C2, Supuran CT3.
Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry.J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem.2016 Oct;31(5):689-94. doi: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1059333. Epub 2015 Jun 29.
In this paper, we reviewed the purification and characterization methods of the α-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) class. Six genetic families (α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ζ- and η-CAs) all know to date, all encoding such enzymes in organisms widely distributed over the phylogenetic tree. Starting fro
PMID 26118417

Japanese Journal

シンポジウム植物病原糸状菌の寄生性分化 : 半身萎凋病菌の病原性系統とレース

宇佐見俊行,伊藤瑞穂
土と微生物 = Soil microorganisms 69(1), 30-33, 2015-04
NAID 40020456736

薬用植物に発生した菌類病とその新知見

森田琴子,MORITA Kotone
法政大学大学院紀要（理工学・工学研究科編） (56), 2015-03-24
… The pathogenicity of the fungus was confirmed with inoculation tests. … Similarities of rDNA-ITS (Internal transcribed spacer), TUB2 (β-tubulin 2), ACT (actin) and CAL (calmodulin) domain sequences revealed that the pathogenic fungus was Colletotrichum siamense, belonging to C.gloeosporioides species complex. …
NAID 120005616107