疼痛スケール

WordNet

take by attacking with scaling ladders; "The troops scaled the walls of the fort"
a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin (同)scale leaf
an ordered reference standard; "judging on a scale of 1 to 10" (同)scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series
relative magnitude; "they entertained on a grand scale"
size or measure according to a scale; "This model must be scaled down"
the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it; "the scale of the map"; "the scale of the model"
a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass (同)weighing machine
a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals
an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) (同)musical scale
a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin (同)scurf, exfoliation
remove the scales from; "scale fish" (同)descale
reach the highest point of; "We scaled the Mont Blanc" (同)surmount
climb up by means of a ladder
measure by or as if by a scale; "This bike scales only 25 pounds"
measure with or as if with scales; "scale the gold"
pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard
cause emotional anguish or make miserable; "It pains me to see my children not being taught well in school" (同)anguish, hurt
a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder; "the patient developed severe pain and distension" (同)hurting
a bothersome annoying person; "that kid is a terrible pain" (同)pain in the neck, nuisance
a somatic sensation of acute discomfort; "as the intensity increased the sensation changed from tickle to pain" (同)pain_sensation, painful sensation
emotional distress; a fundamental feeling that people try to avoid; "the pain of loneliness" (同)painfulness
the act of arranging in a graduated series (同)grading
act of measuring or arranging or adjusting according to a scale
ascent by or as if by a ladder
(used of armor) having overlapping metal plates attached to a leather backing

PrepTutorEJDIC

《しばしば複数形で》『てんびん』,はかり / てんびんのさら / 《重量を表す副詞[句]を伴って》…の目方(体重)がある / …‘を'てんびんではかる
(蛇・魚類などの)うろこ / うろこ状の物;(ペンキ・さび・ふけなどの)爆片 / 〈魚など〉‘の'うろこを取る;…‘の'皮をはぐ / (…から)〈ペンキなどの薄泰〉‘を'そぎ取る《+『名』+『off』(『from』)+『名』》 / (…から)〈ペンキなどが〉かげ落ちる《+『off』(『from』)+『名』》
『段階』,等級,階級 / 『比率』,縮尺 / (物差しなどの)『目盛り』 / (目盛りの付いた)『物差し』;温度計,(各種の)スケール / 『規模』,スケール / 音階 / 記数法,…進法 / …‘を'よじ登る / (…に合わせて)…‘を'調整する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'縮尺で製図(設計)する
〈C〉〈U〉(肉体のある部分の)『苦痛』,『痛み』 / 〈U〉(精神的な)『苦痛』,心痛 / 《複数形で》骨折り,苦労,努力 / 〈C〉不快感,いやな感じ;うんざりさせるもの,やっかい者 / (肉体的・精神的に)…‘に'苦痛を与える(受動態にできない)
《補語にのみ用いて》腹を立てて / 《補語にのみ用いて》(心が)鐘ついて / 不愉快な,気まずい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/14 16:30:09」(JST)

wiki en

A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity or other features. Pain scales are based on self-report, observational (behavioral), or physiological data. Self-report is considered primary and should be obtained if possible. Pain scales are available for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, seniors, and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain assessments are often regarded as "the 5th Vital Sign." ^[1]

Examples of pain scales
	Self-report	Observational	Physiological
Infant	—	Premature Infant Pain Profile; Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale	—
Child	Faces Pain Scale - Revised;^[2] Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; Coloured Analogue Scale^[3]	FLACC (Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability Scale); CHEOPS (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale)^[4]	Comfort
Adult	Visual Analog Scale (VAS); Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (VNRS); Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS); Brief Pain Inventory	—	—

Partial list of pain measurement scales

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Alder Hey Triage Pain Score ^[5]
Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS)^[6]

Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)^[7]
A More Objective and Better Defined Pain Scale from Remote Medicine Ireland.
Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI)^[8]
Clinical Global Impression (CGI)^[9]
Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)^[10]
COMFORT scale^[11]
Dallas Pain Questionnaire ^[12]^[13]
Descriptor differential scale (DDS)^[14]
Dolorimeter Pain Index (DPI)^[15]
Edmonton Symptom Assessment System^[16]^[17]^[18]
Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R)^[19]
Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability scale
Lequesne algofunctional index: a composite measure of pain and disability, with separate self-report questionnaires for hip and knee OA (osteoarthritis):^[20]

Original index (1987)^[21]
1991 revision^[22]
1997 revision^[23]

McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)^[24]
Neck Pain and Disability Scale –NPAD^[20]
Numerical 11 point box (BS-11)^[25]
Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)^[26]
OSWESTRY Index
Palliative Care Outcome Scale (PCOS)^[27]
Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire ^[28]^[29]
Support Team Assessment Schedule (STAS)^[30]
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale^[31]
Visual analog scale (VAS)^[32]

Specialized tests

Disease-Specific Pain Scale: DSPI = (ΣX · Y) · 100 where X is the highest pain level on a 0–10 scale and Y is the percentage of this pain level in the group. The DSPI is different from the simple numeric 0–10 scale in that it is measured for a group of patients with a specific diagnosis whereas the numeric 0–10 pain scale is administered individually.^[33]
Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)^[34] for measuring pain in children
Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)^[35] for measuring pain in premature infants
Schmidt Sting Pain Index^[36] and Starr sting pain scale^[37] both for insect stings
Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)^[38]
AUSCAN: Disease-Specific, to assess hand osteoarthritis outcomes.^[20]
WOMAC : Disease-Specific, to assess knee osteoarthritis outcomes.^[20]
Osteoarthritis Research Society International-Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials (OARSI-OMERACT) Initiative, New OA Pain Measure: Disease-Specific, Osteoarthritis Pain^[20]

Numeric Rating Scale

The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) is an 11–point scale for patient self-reporting of pain. It is for adults and children 10 years old or older.^[39]

Rating	Pain Level
0	No Pain
1 – 3	Mild Pain (nagging, annoying, interfering little with ADLs)
4 – 6	Moderate Pain (interferes significantly with ADLs)
7 – 10	Severe Pain (disabling; unable to perform ADLs)

In endometriosis

The most common pain scale for quantification of endometriosis-related pain is the visual analogue scale (VAS). A review came to the conclusion that VAS and numerical rating scale (NRS) were the best adapted pain scales for pain measurement in endometriosis. For research purposes, and for more detailed pain measurement in clinical practice, the review suggested use of VAS or NRS for each type of typical pain related to endometriosis (dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia and non-menstrual chronic pelvic pain), combined with the clinical global impression (CGI) and a quality of life scale.^[9]

Notes

^ "Pain: current understanding of assessment, management and treatments.". Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the National Pharmaceutical Council, Inc. December 2001. Retrieved January 2013.
^ "The Faces Pain Scale – Revised". Pediatric Pain Sourcebook of Protocols, Policies and Pamphlets. 7 August 2007.
^ Stinson, JN; Kavanagh, T; Yamada, J; Gill, N; Stevens, B (November 2006). "Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents". Pain 125 (1–2): 143–57. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.006. PMID 16777328.
^ von Baeyer, C.L.; Spagrud, L.J. (2007). "Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years". Pain 127 (1–2): 140–150. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.014. PMID 16996689.
^ Stewart B, Lancaster G, Lawson J, Williams K, Daly J (July 2004). "Validation of the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score". Arch. Dis. Child. 89 (7): 625–630. doi:10.1136/adc.2003.032599. PMC 1720010. PMID 15210492.
^ Payen, JF; Bru O; Bosson JL (2001). "Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale". Critical Care Medicine 29: 2258–2263. doi:10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Cleeland CS, Ryan KM (March 1994). "Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory". Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 23 (2): 129–38. PMID 8080219.
^ Feldt, KS (2000). "The Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI)". Pain Manag Nurs. 1: 13–21. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b Bourdel, N.; Alves, J.; Pickering, G.; Ramilo, I.; Roman, H.; Canis, M. (2014). "Systematic review of endometriosis pain assessment: how to choose a scale?". Human Reproduction Update 21 (1): 136–152. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu046. ISSN 1355-4786.
^ Gélinas, C; Fillion L; Puntillo KA; Viens C; Fortier M (2006). "Validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in adult patients". American Journal of Critical Care 15 (4): 420–427. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Ambuel, B; Hamlett KW; Marx CM; Blumer JL (1992). "Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale". Journal of Pediatric Psychology 17 (1): 95–109. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/17.1.95. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ "Dallas Pain Questionnaire" (PDF). OARSI. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
^ Ozguler A, Guéguen A, Leclerc A, Landre MF, Piciotti M, Le Gall S, Morel-Fatio M, Boureau F. (2002). "Using the dallas pain questionnaire to classify individuals with low back pain in a working population". Spine 27 (16): 1783–9. doi:10.1097/00007632-200208150-00018. PMID 12195072.
^ Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM (December 1988). "The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment". Pain 35 (3): 279–88. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8. PMID 3226757.
^ Hardy, J.D.; Wolff, H.G.; Goodell, H. (1952). Pain Sensations and Reactions. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co. ASIN B0006ASZ92.
^ Bruera E, Kuehn N, Miller MJ, Selmser P, Macmillan K (1991). "The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): a simple method for the assessment of palliative care patients". J Palliat Care 7 (2): 6–9. PMID 1714502.
^ Nekolaichuk C, Watanabe S, Beaumont C (March 2008). "The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System: a 15-year retrospective review of validation studies (1991--2006)". Palliat Med 22 (2): 111–22. doi:10.1177/0269216307087659. PMID 18372376.
^ Richardson LA, Jones GW (January 2009). "A review of the reliability and validity of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System". Curr Oncol 16 (1): 55. doi:10.3747/co.v16i1.261. PMC 2644623. PMID 19229371.
^ Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B (August 2001). "The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement". Pain 93 (2): 173–83. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1. PMID 11427329. Retrieved 2008-05-26. Instructions in many languages and images
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes". OARSI. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
^ Lequesne M, Mery C, et al. (1987). "Indexes of severity for osteoarthritis of the hip and knee". Scand J Rheumatology (Supplement 65): 85–89.
^ Lequesne M (1991). "Indices of severity and disease activity for osteoarthritis". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 20 (Supplement 2): 48–54. doi:10.1016/0049-0172(91)90027-w.
^ Lequesne MG (1997). "The algofunctional indices for hip and knee osteoarthritis". J Rheumatol 24: 779–781.
^ Melzack R (September 1975). "The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods". Pain 1 (3): 277–99. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5. PMID 1235985. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
^ Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS (June 1989). "The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices". Clin J Pain 5 (2): 153–9. doi:10.1097/00002508-198906000-00005. PMID 2520397.
^ Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S (December 2003). "The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure?". Pain Pract 3 (4): 310–6. doi:10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x. PMID 17166126.
^ Hearn J, Higginson IJ (December 1999). "Development and validation of a core outcome measure for palliative care: the palliative care outcome scale. Palliative Care Core Audit Project Advisory Group". Qual Health Care 8 (4): 219–27. doi:10.1136/qshc.8.4.219. PMC 2483665. PMID 10847883.
^ Paul W Stratford, Jill M Binkley, Daniel L Riddle and Gordon H Guyatt (1998). "Sensitivity to Change of the Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire: Part 1". Phys Ther 78 (11): 1186–1196. PMID 9806623.
^ Schulte TL, Schubert T, Winter C, Brandes M, Hackenberg L, Wassmann H, Liem D, Rosenbaum D, Bullmann V. (2010). "Step activity monitoring in lumbar stenosis patients undergoing decompressive surgery". European spine journal (swetswise.com) 19 (11): 1855–64. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1324-y. PMC 2989265. PMID 20186442.
^ Higginson IJ, McCarthy M (1993). "Validity of the support team assessment schedule: do staffs' ratings reflect those made by patients or their families?". Palliat Med 7 (3): 219–28. doi:10.1177/026921639300700309. PMID 7505183.
^ "Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Foundation". Retrieved 6 December 2009.
^ Huskisson EC (1982). "Measurement of pain". J. Rheumatol. 9 (5): 768–9. PMID 6184474.
^ Walid MS, Zaytseva NV (2009). "Pain in Nursing Home Residents and Correlation with Neuropsychiatric Disorders". Pain Physician 12 (5): 877–880. ISSN 1533-3159. PMID 19787013.
^ Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V (January 1987). "The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Pain 28 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6. PMID 3822493.
^ Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A (December 1999). "Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting". Clin J Pain 15 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006. PMID 10617258. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
^ Schmidt, Justin O.; Evans, David (1990). Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; chapter in Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press. pp. 387–419. ISBN 0-88706-896-0.
^ Starr, C.K. (1985). "A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings". Journal of Entomological Science 20 (2): 225–231.
^ Salmore R (2002). "Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures". Gastroenterol Nurs 25 (6): 257–62. doi:10.1097/00001610-200211000-00007. PMID 12488689. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
^ "Pain Intensity Instruments". National Institutes of Health – Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center. July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-14.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における慢性疼痛の評価 evaluation of chronic pain in adults
2. 小児における疼痛の評価およびマネージメント evaluation and management of pain in children
3. 緩和ケアにおける症状の評価へのアプローチ approach to symptom assessment in palliative care
4. 新生児疼痛の評価 assessment of neonatal pain
5. 鎌状赤血球症を有する成人における急性疼痛マネージメント acute pain management in adults with sickle cell disease

English Journal

Diabetes and ischemic heart disease: double jeopardy with regard to depressive mood and reduced quality of life.

Bergmann N1, Ballegaard S2, Holmager P2, Bech P2, Hjalmarson A2, Gyntelberg F2, Faber J3.
Endocrine connections.Endocr Connect.2014 Dec;3(4):156-60. doi: 10.1530/EC-14-0083. Epub 2014 Aug 19.
The aim of this study was to test i) whether patients having diabetes and ischemic heart disease (IHD), i.e., patients suffering from two chronic diseases, demonstrate a higher degree of chronic stress when compared with patients suffering from IHD alone, and ii) whether suffering from the two chron
PMID 25139960

Gabapentin versus pregabalin in relieving early post-surgical neuropathic pain in patients after lumbar disc herniation surgery: a prospective clinical trial.

Dolgun H, Turkoglu E, Kertmen H, Gurer B, Yilmaz ER, Comoglu SS, Sekerci Z.
Neurological research.Neurol Res.2014 Dec;36(12):1080-5. doi: 10.1179/1743132814Y.0000000404. Epub 2014 Jun 18.
OBJECTIVES: The roles of gabapentin and pregabalin are well established in the management of chronic neuropathic pain. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin for treating acute neuropathic pain following lumbar discectomy.METHODS: This prospective, non-randomized, and o
PMID 24938318

Efficacy and safety of vertebral stenting for painful vertebral compression fractures in patients with metastatic disease.

Itshayek E, Fraifeld S, Vargas AA, Schroeder J, Kaplan L, Barzilay Y, Rosenthal G, Shoshan Y, Cohen JE.
Neurological research.Neurol Res.2014 Dec;36(12):1086-93. doi: 10.1179/0161641214Z.000000000459. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Painful vertebral compression fractures in cancer patients reduce quality of life and may limit survival. We assessed pain relief, vertebral height restoration, and kyphosis correction following vertebral augmentation using a novel expandable titanium stent implant in cancer
PMID 24931697

Japanese Journal

腰痛の評価法 (日本腰痛学会特集号) -- (シンポジウム非特異的腰痛を考える : 腰痛の科学)

竹下克志
Journal of spine research : official journal of the Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research 6(6), 100-1003, 2015-06
NAID 40020521957

Improvement in Physical Function and Pain after Palliative Surgery Demonstrates Longer Survival in the Patients with Metastatic Spinal Tumors (日本脊椎脊髄病学会英文原著号)

Yamashita Takayuki,Aota Yoichi,Hiruma Toru [他]
Journal of spine research : official journal of the Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research 6(5), 919-926, 2015-05
NAID 40020488739

頸椎手術後の軸性疼痛に対する温罨法の効果

高山賢路,佐藤梓,大友さゆり [他],田中紀子,長谷部真木子
秋田大学大学院医学系研究科保健学専攻紀要 23(1), 53-59, 2015-03-31
… Visual Analogue Scale (以下VAS),疼痛評価器具(ニプロPAINVISION[○!R])を用いた.肩関節可動域は,左右の屈曲・外転を測定した.温罨法による有害事象はなく安全に実施された.VASでは,4日目,6日目に有意に低下した.肩関節可動域では. …
NAID 110009897245

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「痛みの評価法」
関連記事	「scale」「pain」「scaling」「pai」

「痛みの評価法」

　　[★]

英: pain scale
同: 疼痛スコア pain score
関: 視覚アナログ尺度

分類尺度：ex. 軽度、中等度、重度
数値的尺度
視覚アナログ尺度

「scale」

　　[★]

n.

1. (魚・は虫類の)うろこ。(チョウ・ガの)鱗粉。(皮膚の)鱗屑。薄片。(植物)芽鱗、鱗片。(動物)カイガラムシ。(金属を熱したときにできる)薄い酸化膜、スケール。(ボイラーややかんの内側にできる)湯垢。歯石。
2. 目盛り、定規、物差し、尺度、基準。(地図などの)縮尺比、縮尺目盛り。階級、等級。規模、スケール
3. はかり、てんびん

vt.
vi.

「pain」

　　[★]

n.

疼痛

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pain

n.

physical suffering or distress, as due to injury, illness, etc.
a distressing sensation in a particular part of the body
mental or emotional suffering or torment
pains,

laborious or careful efforts; assiduous care
the suffering of childbirth.

「scaling」

　　[★]

n.

スケーリング

縮尺や変換係数を定めること、歯石とプラークを除去すること

「pai」

　　[★]

n.

(ギリシャ文字)π、パイ

[1] "Pain: current understanding of assessment, management and treatments.". Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the National Pharmaceutical Council, Inc. December 2001. Retrieved January 2013.

[2] "The Faces Pain Scale – Revised". Pediatric Pain Sourcebook of Protocols, Policies and Pamphlets. 7 August 2007.

[3] Stinson, JN; Kavanagh, T; Yamada, J; Gill, N; Stevens, B (November 2006). "Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents". Pain 125 (1–2): 143–57. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.006. PMID 16777328.

[4] von Baeyer, C.L.; Spagrud, L.J. (2007). "Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years". Pain 127 (1–2): 140–150. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.014. PMID 16996689.

[pmid15210492-5] Stewart B, Lancaster G, Lawson J, Williams K, Daly J (July 2004). "Validation of the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score". Arch. Dis. Child. 89 (7): 625–630. doi:10.1136/adc.2003.032599. PMC 1720010. PMID 15210492.

[6] Payen, JF; Bru O; Bosson JL (2001). "Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale". Critical Care Medicine 29: 2258–2263. doi:10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[pmid8080219-7] Cleeland CS, Ryan KM (March 1994). "Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory". Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 23 (2): 129–38. PMID 8080219.

[8] Feldt, KS (2000). "The Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI)". Pain Manag Nurs. 1: 13–21. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[BourdelAlves2014-9] Bourdel, N.; Alves, J.; Pickering, G.; Ramilo, I.; Roman, H.; Canis, M. (2014). "Systematic review of endometriosis pain assessment: how to choose a scale?". Human Reproduction Update 21 (1): 136–152. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu046. ISSN 1355-4786.

[10] Gélinas, C; Fillion L; Puntillo KA; Viens C; Fortier M (2006). "Validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in adult patients". American Journal of Critical Care 15 (4): 420–427. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[11] Ambuel, B; Hamlett KW; Marx CM; Blumer JL (1992). "Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale". Journal of Pediatric Psychology 17 (1): 95–109. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/17.1.95. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[12] "Dallas Pain Questionnaire" (PDF). OARSI. Retrieved 1 March 2010.

[pmid12195072-13] Ozguler A, Guéguen A, Leclerc A, Landre MF, Piciotti M, Le Gall S, Morel-Fatio M, Boureau F. (2002). "Using the dallas pain questionnaire to classify individuals with low back pain in a working population". Spine 27 (16): 1783–9. doi:10.1097/00007632-200208150-00018. PMID 12195072.

[pmid3226757-14] Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM (December 1988). "The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment". Pain 35 (3): 279–88. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8. PMID 3226757.

[Hardy1952-15] Hardy, J.D.; Wolff, H.G.; Goodell, H. (1952). Pain Sensations and Reactions. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co. ASIN B0006ASZ92.

[ESAS-16] Bruera E, Kuehn N, Miller MJ, Selmser P, Macmillan K (1991). "The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): a simple method for the assessment of palliative care patients". J Palliat Care 7 (2): 6–9. PMID 1714502.

[ESAS_review_2008-17] Nekolaichuk C, Watanabe S, Beaumont C (March 2008). "The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System: a 15-year retrospective review of validation studies (1991--2006)". Palliat Med 22 (2): 111–22. doi:10.1177/0269216307087659. PMID 18372376.

[ESAS_review_2009-18] Richardson LA, Jones GW (January 2009). "A review of the reliability and validity of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System". Curr Oncol 16 (1): 55. doi:10.3747/co.v16i1.261. PMC 2644623. PMID 19229371.

[pmid11427329-19] Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B (August 2001). "The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement". Pain 93 (2): 173–83. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1. PMID 11427329. Retrieved 2008-05-26. Instructions in many languages and images

[OARSI_pain_indexes-20] "OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes". OARSI. Retrieved 1 March 2010.

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