WordNet

a contraceptive in the form of a pill containing estrogen and progestin to inhibit ovulation and so prevent conception (同)birth_control_pill, contraceptive pill, oral_contraceptive_pill, oral_contraceptive, anovulatory drug, anovulant
a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet (同)lozenge, tablet, tab
something that resembles a tablet of medicine in shape or size
a unpleasant or tiresome person
something unpleasant or offensive that must be tolerated or endured; "his competitors success was a bitter pill to take"
of or relating to or affecting or for use in the mouth; "oral hygiene"; "an oral thermometer"; "an oral vaccine"
an examination conducted by spoken communication (同)oral exam, oral_examination, viva voce, viva
using speech rather than writing; "an oral tradition"; "an oral agreement" (同)unwritten
a stage in psychosexual development when the childs interest is concentrated in the mouth; fixation at this stage is said to result in dependence, selfishness, and aggression
of or involving the mouth or mouth region or the surface on which the mouth is located; "the oral cavity"; "the oral mucous membrane"; "the oral surface of a starfish"
birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery (同)contraceptive_method

PrepTutorEJDIC

『丸薬』;《the pill》《話》ピル(経口避妊薬) / (耐えなければならない)不快なこと,苦しいこと / 《通例単数形で》《俗》いやなやつ
『口頭の』,口述の(spoken) / 口の,口部の / 経口の
《選択を表し,語句・節を結んで》《肯定文・疑問文で》・・・『または』・・・,・・・か・・・ / 《否定文で》・・・も・・・もない / 《命令的表現の後で》『さもないと』 / 《前出の語を言い換えたり説明したりして》『すなわち』,言い換えれば
避妊[法];受胎調節

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/20 18:02:17」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Oral contraceptives, abbreviated OCPs, are medications taken by mouth for the purpose of birth control.

Female [edit]

Two types of female oral contraceptive pill are widely available:

The combined oral contraceptive pill contains estrogen and a progestogen, and is taken once per day.
The progestogen-only pill contains only progestogen, and is also taken once per day.

Emergency contraception pills are taken at the time of intercourse, or within a few days afterwards.

Yuzpe regimen uses combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception.
Ulipristal acetate is an antiprogestogen, emergency contraceptive pill.

Other types of female oral contraceptive are experimental or only available in limited areas:

Mifepristone is an antiprogestogen which has been used as a daily oral contraceptive in investigational clinical trials.
Ormeloxifene (also known as Centchroman) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator which is taken one to two times per week. Ormeloxifene is approved as an oral contraceptive only in India.

Male [edit]

Male oral contraceptives are currently not available commercially, although several possibilities are in various stages of research and development

This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names).
If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

UpToDate Contents

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1. エストロゲン・プロゲスチン避妊剤の使用に関する概要 overview of the use of estrogen progestin contraceptives
2. エストロゲン・プロゲスチン避妊剤と関連したリスクおよび副作用 risks and side effects associated with estrogen progestin contraceptives
3. 避妊：思春期に固有の問題の概要 contraception overview of issues specific to adolescents
4. 避妊の概要 overview of contraception
5. 月経抑制のためのホルモン避妊法 hormonal contraception for suppression of menstruation

English Journal

Anti-epileptic drugs and hormonal treatments.

Johnston CA1, Crawford PM.Author information 1The York Hospital, Wigginton Road, York, YO31 8HE, UK, clare.johnston@york.nhs.uk.AbstractOPINION STATEMENT: Epilepsy and the medications used in its treatment are known to affect the menstrual cycle, aspects of contraception, and bone health in women. Adolescence is an important time to review the diagnosis of both epilepsy and the epilepsy syndrome because of the implications and decisions, which should be made regarding antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment. In girls, once they are on AED therapy, seizure free, and driving, it becomes difficult to change therapy because of the risk of breakthrough seizures and the fact that the new AED may not be as effective as the first. So a treatment choice made in adolescence is often life-long. Therefore, women need to be started on an AED that currently appears to be the most suitable for their seizure type, has a low teratogenic risk, and hopefully does not interact with contraception. There are no contraindications to the use of non-hormonal methods of contraception in women with epilepsy. Nonenzyme-inducing AEDs (valproate, benzodiazepines, ethosuximide, levetiracetam, tiagabine, and zonisamide) do not show any interactions with the combined oral contraceptive. There are interactions between the combined oral contraceptive and hepatic microsomal-inducing AEDs (phenytoin, barbiturates, carbamazepine, topiramate [dosages >200 mg/day], oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine and perampanel [dosages >12 mg/day]) and lamotrigine. Women taking enzyme inducing AEDs should be encouraged to use a method of contraception that is unaffected by their epilepsy medication. Interactions between AEDs and other hormonal therapies are less well studied. Studies have suggested that women with epilepsy are at increased risk of fractures, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia. No studies have been undertaken looking at preventative therapies for these comorbidities. This article will concentrate on current contraceptive treatment options in patients taking AEDs.
Current treatment options in neurology.Curr Treat Options Neurol.2014 May;16(5):288. doi: 10.1007/s11940-014-0288-3.
OPINION STATEMENT: Epilepsy and the medications used in its treatment are known to affect the menstrual cycle, aspects of contraception, and bone health in women. Adolescence is an important time to review the diagnosis of both epilepsy and the epilepsy syndrome because of the implications and decis
PMID 24682679

Teriflunomide : a novel oral treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Sartori A1, Carle D, Freedman MS.Author information 1University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara - Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences (Neurology) , 447 Strada di Fiume, 34149 Trieste , Italy +39 040 399 4321 ; +39 040 910 861 ; sartoriarianna23@gmail.com.AbstractIntroduction: Multiple sclerosis is a disabling chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS. New emerging oral treatments can offer efficacy with higher levels of therapeutic adherence. Teriflunomide is one such oral agent that has recently been approved for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). Areas covered: The aim of this review is to describe the pharmacological profile of teriflunomide and review the vast clinical development program that paved the way for its approval, with emphasis on its safety and tolerability. Expert opinion: Teriflunomide is a safe new oral medication for treating RMS. It is effective at reducing relapses, MRI activity and slowing disability progression. It is well tolerated, with mild and transitory side effects. Although teriflunomide is given a pregnancy category 'X' by the FDA and an effective contraception is needed, to date, there has been no evidence of teratogenicity in humans and a rapid washout procedure can lead to a virtually complete elimination. Its effectiveness appeared to be at least comparable to that of high-dose IFN-β-1a, and although direct comparisons with other orals are still lacking, its tolerability and encouraging safety data suggest that teriflunomide could be considered an ideal first-line medication for RMS.
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy.Expert Opin Pharmacother.2014 May;15(7):1019-27. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2014.902936. Epub 2014 Apr 17.
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is a disabling chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS. New emerging oral treatments can offer efficacy with higher levels of therapeutic adherence. Teriflunomide is one such oral agent that has recently been approved for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis
PMID 24742277

Long-acting reversible contraception for adolescents and young adults - A cross-sectional study of women and general practitioners in Oslo, Norway.

Bratlie M1, Aarvold T, Skårn ES, Lundekvam JA, Nesheim BI, Askevold ET.Author information 1* Sex & Samfunn Clinic , Oslo , Norway.AbstractObjectives To investigate awareness and use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) in the Norwegian primary care sector. Methods We surveyed 359 women aged 16 to 23 years visiting a free sexual health clinic and 140 general practitioners (GPs) in Oslo, Norway, to assess contraceptive usage patterns, knowledge, opinions, and counselling content. Results Eighty-two percent (n = 295) of the female respondents were current contraceptive users and of this group, 12% (n = 34) were LARC users. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs, 56%) and condoms (20%) were the methods most commonly used. Apart from those two, the women considered themselves insufficiently knowledgeable about other family planning modalities. Knowledge was an independent predictor of current LARC use (p < 0.001). Approximately 35% of GPs often discussed LARC methods when counselling but, due to a lack of implant insertion training, only a few frequently discussed implants during counselling (odds ratio [OR]: 0.12; p = 0.013). The main determinant for not mentioning intrauterine devices and the intrauterine system during counselling was nulliparity (OR: 0.2; p = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion LARC use is low among 16 to 23-year-olds in Oslo, Norway. These young women need better contraceptive counselling. Dispelling misconceptions and improved provider training could encourage GPs to cover LARCs when giving contraceptive guidance.
The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception.Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care.2014 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print]
Objectives To investigate awareness and use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) in the Norwegian primary care sector. Methods We surveyed 359 women aged 16 to 23 years visiting a free sexual health clinic and 140 general practitioners (GPs) in Oslo, Norway, to assess contraceptive usage
PMID 24742172