WordNet

a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor (同)indebtedness
the state of being obligated to do or pay something; "he is under an obligation to finish the job"
a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply
necessary (for someone) as a duty or responsibility; morally binding; "it is incumbent on them to pay their own debts"
the official who holds an office (同)officeholder
currently holding an office; "the incumbent governor"
lying or leaning on something else; "an incumbent geological formation"
a government tax on imports or exports; "they signed a treaty to lower duties on trade between their countries" (同)tariff
the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; "we must instill a sense of duty in our children"; "every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty"- John D.Rockefeller Jr (同)responsibility, obligation
work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons; "the duties of the job"
an obligation arising out of considerations of right and wrong; "he did it out of a feeling of moral obligation"
a day when Catholics must attend Mass and refrain from servile work, and Episcopalians must take Communion
relating or constituting or qualified to create a legal or financial obligation; "obligational authority"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(法律・社会・道徳上の)『義務』,約束 / (法律・契約・約束などの持つ)拘束力,束縛 / (与えられた恩恵・好意などに対する)『恩義』,義理《+『to(toward)』+『名』》
義務として掛かる,責務がある / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》《おもに米》現職の,在職の / 《おもに米》現職者,在職者 / 受祿聖職者,受給聖者(英国国教会の教会を持ち聖職祿を持っている牧師)
〈C〉〈U〉(道徳・法律上の)『義務』,本分,義理 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》(地位・職業などからくる)『任務』,職務,仕事 / 〈U〉《古》尊敬,敬意 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『税』(tax),関税
(命令によって)強制的な / 委任の / 委任を受けた人(国),委任統治の受任国

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/04 11:42:09」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

An obligation is a course of action that someone is required to take, whether legal or moral. There are also obligations in other normative contexts, such as obligations of etiquette, social obligations, and possibly in terms of politics, where obligations are requirements which must be fulfilled. These are generally legal obligations, which can incur a penalty for non-fulfilment, although certain people are obliged to carry out certain actions for other reasons as well, whether as a tradition or for social reasons.

Obligations vary from person to person: for example, a person holding a political office will generally have far more obligations than an average adult citizen, who themselves will have more obligations than a child.^[1] Obligations are generally granted in return for an increase in an individual's rights or power. For example, obligations for health and safety in a workplace from employer to employee maybe to ensure the fire exit is not blocked or ensure that the plugs are put in firmly.

The word "obligation" can also designate a written obligation, or such things as bank notes, coins, checks, bonds, stamps, or securities.

Other uses

The term obligate can also be used in a biological context, in reference to species which must occupy a certain niche or behave in a certain way in order to survive. In biology, the opposite of obligate is facultative, meaning that a species is able to behave in a certain way and may do so under certain circumstances, but that it can also survive without having to behave this way. For example, species of salamanders in the family Proteidae are obligate paedomorphs, whereas species belonging to the Ambystomatidae are facultative paedomorphs.

In the Catholic Church, Holy Days of Obligation or Holidays of Obligation, less commonly called Feasts of Precept, are the days on which, as canon 1247 of the Code of Canon Law states, the faithful are obliged to participate in the Mass.

References

^ Old Bear, Sacred Journey of the Medicine Wheel (2008), p. 393: "Adults have more obligations and are held to higher standards of accountability than children are".

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Finding our way: On the sharing and reuse of animal telemetry data in Australasia.

Campbell HA1, Beyer HL2, Dennis TE3, Dwyer RG4, Forester JD5, Fukuda Y6, Lynch C7, Hindell MA8, Menke N9, Morales JM10, Richardson C11, Rodgers E4, Taylor G12, Watts ME2, Westcott DA13.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Nov 15;534:79-84. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.089. Epub 2015 Feb 7.
The presence and movements of organisms both reflect and influence the distribution of ecological resources in space and time. The monitoring of animal movement by telemetry devices is being increasingly used to inform management of marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we brought tog
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Late-in-life childbearing (kōrei shussan) in contemporary Japan.

Castro-Vázquez G1.
Culture, health & sexuality.Cult Health Sex.2015 Nov;17(10):1221-36. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2015.1048528. Epub 2015 Jun 5.
This paper draws on interviews with a group of 27 Japanese women who were classified as late-in-life-childbearing mothers, or kōrei shussan - women who had had their first delivery at 35 years of age or over. In making sense of the significance, symbolism and consequences of late-life motherhood, t
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(Positive) power to the child: The role of children's willing stance toward parents in developmental cascades from toddler age to early preadolescence.

Kochanska G1, Kim S2, Boldt LJ1.
Development and psychopathology.Dev Psychopathol.2015 Nov;27(4 Pt 1):987-1005. doi: 10.1017/S0954579415000644.
In a change from the once-dominant view of children as passive in the parent-led process of socialization, children are now seen as active agents who can considerably influence that process. However, these newer perspectives typically focus on the child's antagonistic influence, due either to a diff
PMID 26439058

Role of the Lebanese family caregivers in cardiac self-care: a collective approach.

Dumit NY1, Abboud S2, Massouh A1, Magilvy JK3.
Journal of clinical nursing.J Clin Nurs.2015 Nov;24(21-22):3318-26. doi: 10.1111/jocn.12949. Epub 2015 Aug 7.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of cardiac self-care among Lebanese family caregivers of cardiac patients. The specific aims were to describe the cultural context of cardiac care-giving in Lebanon and to explore the roles of family caregivers in enhancing se
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