n.

義務

関: incumbent、mandatory、obligation

WordNet

a government tax on imports or exports; "they signed a treaty to lower duties on trade between their countries" (同)tariff
the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; "we must instill a sense of duty in our children"; "every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty"- John D.Rockefeller Jr (同)responsibility, obligation
work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons; "the duties of the job"
necessary (for someone) as a duty or responsibility; morally binding; "it is incumbent on them to pay their own debts"
the official who holds an office (同)officeholder
currently holding an office; "the incumbent governor"
lying or leaning on something else; "an incumbent geological formation"
a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor (同)indebtedness
the state of being obligated to do or pay something; "he is under an obligation to finish the job"
a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply
naval service aboard a ship at sea (同)service abroad, shipboard duty
the control of traffic by a policeman stationed at an intersection
the civic duty to serve on a jury
naval service at land bases
(law) breach of a duty

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉(道徳・法律上の)『義務』,本分,義理 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》(地位・職業などからくる)『任務』,職務,仕事 / 〈U〉《古》尊敬,敬意 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『税』(tax),関税
義務として掛かる,責務がある / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》《おもに米》現職の,在職の / 《おもに米》現職者,在職者 / 受祿聖職者,受給聖者(英国国教会の教会を持ち聖職祿を持っている牧師)
(法律・社会・道徳上の)『義務』,約束 / (法律・契約・約束などの持つ)拘束力,束縛 / (与えられた恩恵・好意などに対する)『恩義』,義理《+『to(toward)』+『名』》
(命令によって)強制的な / 委任の / 委任を受けた人(国),委任統治の受任国

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/24 10:32:33」(JST)

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浜崎あゆみ > 浜崎あゆみのディスコグラフィ > Duty

『Duty』（デューティー）は、日本の歌手・浜崎あゆみの3枚目のオリジナル・アルバム。2000年9月27日にavex traxより発売。

解説

前作『LOVEppears』以来、約10か月ぶりのオリジナル・アルバム。17thシングル「SURREAL」と同時発売。

シングル「SURREAL」およびDVD「ayumi hamasaki concert tour 2000 A 第1幕」と同時発売され、オリコンでは3部門とも初登場同時1位となる、史上初の3冠達成となった。

売り上げ枚数は290万枚を突破し、2000年度の年間ランキング2位を記録。オリジナルアルバムとしては自身最大のヒット作となっている。本作は日本の歴代CDアルバム売上ランキング（オリジナル・ベスト）において23位を記録しており、オリジナルアルバムのみのランキングにおいては14位に位置している。

本作は第42回日本レコード大賞においてアルバム大賞、ベストアルバム賞を受賞した。

収録曲

全12曲収録

全作詞：浜崎あゆみ

starting over

作曲・編曲：原田憲

インストで、この曲が終ると同時に次の「Duty」が流れる
Duty

作曲：原田憲/編曲：鈴木直人、原田憲

たかの友梨ビューティクリニックCM曲
vogue

作曲：菊池一仁/編曲：鈴木直人、菊池一仁

14thシングル

コーセー「VISEE（ヴィセ）」CMソング
End of the World

作曲：星野靖彦/編曲：鈴木直人

ツーカーCMソング
SCAR

作曲：多胡邦夫/編曲：鈴木直人
Far away

作曲：D・A・I、菊池一仁/編曲：HΛL

15thシングル

ツーカーセルラー東京・東海CMソング
SURREAL

作曲：菊池一仁/編曲：HΛL

17thシングル

フジビューティ（たかの友梨ビューティクリニック）「恋する白肌」CMソング（実際のCMで流れた曲は「Duty」）
AUDIENCE

作曲：D・A・I/編曲：HΛL

18thシングルとしてシングルカット

シングルとは若干異なるミックスで収録
SEASONS

作曲：D・A・I/編曲：鈴木直人

16thシングル

フジテレビ系ドラマ（月9枠）『天気予報の恋人』主題歌
teddy bear

作曲：D・A・I/編曲：小林信吾
Key 〜eternal tie ver.〜

作曲：多胡邦夫/編曲：鈴木直人
girlish

作曲：星野靖彦/編曲：小林信吾

ブックレットに歌詞が記載されていない。

脚注

^ “浜崎あゆみ/Duty”. TOWER RECORDS ONLINE. タワーレコード. 2016年10月6日閲覧。
^ “Duty｜浜崎あゆみ”. ORICON STYLE. オリコン. 2016年6月7日閲覧。
^ “有料音楽配信認定 2014年1月”. 日本レコード協会. 2016年10月6日閲覧。
^ “第42回日本レコード大賞”. 日本作曲家協会. 2016年10月6日閲覧。

外部リンク

DISCOGRAPHY – ayumi hamasaki

この項目は、アルバムに関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（P:音楽/PJアルバム）。

Duty (from "due" meaning "that which is owing"; Old French: deu, did, past participle of devoir; Latin: debere, debitum, whence "debt") is a term that conveys a sense of moral commitment or obligation to someone or something. The moral commitment should result in action;^{[citation needed]} it is not a matter of passive feeling or mere recognition. When someone recognizes a duty, that person theoretically commits himself to its fulfillment without considering their own self-interest. This is not to suggest that living a life of duty entirely precludes a life of leisure; however, its fulfillment generally involves some sacrifice of immediate self-interest. Typically, "the demands of justice, honor, and reputation are deeply bound up" with duty.^[1]

Cicero, an early philosopher who discusses duty in his work “On Duty", suggests that duties can come from four different sources:^[2]

as result of being human
as a result of one's particular place in life (one's family, one's country, one's job)
as a result of one's character
as a result of one's own moral expectations for oneself

Various derivative uses of the word have sprung from the root idea of obligation, a concept involved in the notion of duty; thus it is used in the services performed by a minister of a church, by a soldier, or by any employee or servant.^[3]

Many schools of thought have debated the idea of duty. While many assert mankind's duty on their own terms, some philosophers have absolutely rejected a sense of duty.^{[citation needed]}

Duty has to be accepted and understood on the basis of one's foundation of sense and knowledge. Therefore, duty and its manifestations vary with values from culture to culture. On one hand duty may be seen as terms of reference, job description, or behavior - and it is all of that ... but duty is not only about doing things right, it is about doing the right thing.

Civic duty

Duty^[4] is also often perceived as something owed to one’s country (patriotism), or to one's homeland or community. A civic duty could include:

obey the law
pay tax
provide for a common defense, should the need arise
enroll to vote, and vote at all elections and referenda (unless there is a reasonable excuse such as a religious objection, being overseas or illness on polling day)
serve on a jury, if called upon
going to the aid of victims of accidents and street-crime and testifying as a witness later in court.[4]
reporting contagious illnesses or pestilence to public-health authorities.
volunteering for public services (e.g. life-saving drills)
donating blood

Filial duty

Lady Feng and the Bear

In most cultures, children are expected to take on duties in relation to their families. This may take the form of behaving in such a way that upholds the family’s honor in the eyes of the community, entering into arranged marriages that benefit the family’s status, or caring for ailing relatives. This family-oriented sense of duty is a particularly central aspect to the teachings of Confucius, and is known as xiao, or filial piety. As such, the duties of filial piety have played an enormous role in the lives of people in eastern Asia for centuries. For example, the painting Lady Feng and the Bear, from ancient China, depicts the heroic act of a consort of the emperor placing herself between her husband and a rampaging bear. This is meant to be taken as an example of admirable filial behavior. Filial piety is considered so important that in some cases, it outweighs other cardinal virtues: In a more modern example, "concerns with filial piety of the same general sort that motivate women to engage in factory work in Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and elsewhere in Asia are commonly cited by Thai prostitutes as one of their primary rationales for working in the skin trade".^[5] The importance of filial piety can be expressed in this quote from "The Analects of Confucius": "Yu Tzu said, 'It is rare for a man whose character is such that he is good as a son and obedient as a young man to have the inclination to transgress against his superiors; it is unheard of for one who has no such inclination to be inclined to start a rebellion. The gentleman devotes his efforts to the roots, for once the roots are established, the Way will grow there from. Being good as a son and obedient as a young man is, perhaps, the root of a man's character'".

Duty in various cultures

Duty varies between different cultures and continents. Duty in Asia and Latin America is commonly more heavily weighted than in Western culture. According to a study done on attitudes toward family obligation:

"Asian and Latin American adolescents possessed stronger values and greater expectations regarding their duty to assist, respect, and support their families than their peers with European backgrounds".^[6]

The deeply rooted tradition of duty among both Asian and Latin American cultures contributes to much of the strong sense of duty that exists in comparison to western cultures. Michael Peletz discusses the concept of duty in his book Gender, Sexuality, and Body Politics in Modern Asia:

"Notions of filial duty … are commonly invoked to mobilize the loyalties, labor power, and other resources children in the ostensible interests of the household and, in some cases, those of the lineage clan as a whole. Doctrines of filial piety … attuned to them may thus be a source of great comfort and solace to the elders but they can also be experienced as stressful, repressive, or both by those who are enjoined to honor their parents’ (and grandparents’) wishes and unspoken expectations".^[7]

An arranged marriage is an example of an expected duty in Asia and the Middle East. In an arranged marriage relating to duty, it is expected that the wife will move in with the husband’s family and household to raise their children. Patrilocal residence is usual; R arely does the man move in with the woman, or is the married couple allowed to start their own household and life somewhere else. They need to provide for the entire family in labor and care for the farms and family. Older generations rely heavily on the help from their children's and grandchildren's families. This form of duty is in response to keeping the lineage of a family intact and obliging to the needs of elders.

Criticisms of the concept of duty

Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche is among the fiercest critics of the concept of duty. "What destroys a man more quickly", he asks, "than to work, think, and feel without inner necessity, without any deep personal desire, without pleasure—as a mere automaton of “duty”?" (The Antichrist, § 11)

Nietzsche claims that the task of all higher education is "to turn men into machines". The way to turn men into machines is to teach them to tolerate boredom. This is accomplished, Nietzsche says, by means of the concept of duty. (Twilight of the Idols, “Skirmishes of an untimely man” § 9.29)

References

^ http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~leirbakk/rpg/mythus/mythus_samurai.html
^ Cicero, Marcus T. De Officiis. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1913. Print.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Duty". Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 736.
^ Ekman, Joakim; Amnå, Erik (2009). "Political Participation and Civic Engagement: Towards A New Typology" (PDF). Youth & Society (Working Paper) (2): 4.
^ Peletz, Michael Gates. Gender, Sexuality, and Body Politics in Modern Asia. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Asian Studies, 2011. Print.
^ Fuligni, A. J., Tseng, V. and Lam, M. (1999), Attitudes toward Family Obligations among American Adolescents with Asian, Latin American, and European Backgrounds. Child Development, 70: 1030–1044. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00075.
^ Peletz, Michael G. Gender, Sexuality, and Body Politics in Modern Asia. Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies, 2011. Print.

External links

Duty on In Our Time at the BBC.
Duty and Moral Worth

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「incumbent」「mandatory」「obligation」「義務」

「incumbent」

「vogue」
『Duty』
浜崎あゆみのスタジオ・アルバム
リリース	2000年9月27日
録音	2000年; 日本
ジャンル	J-POP
時間	51分27秒
レーベル	avex trax(AVCD-11837)
プロデュース	MAX MATSUURA
チャート最高順位
	週間1位（4週連続、オリコン）; 2000年10月度月間1位（オリコン）; 2000年度年間2位（オリコン）; 2001年度年間77位（オリコン）; オリコン歴代アルバムランキング24位;
ゴールドディスク
	3ミリオン（CD、日本レコード協会）; ゴールド（「teddy bear」シングルトラック、日本レコード協会）; 第42回日本レコード大賞アルバム大賞;
浜崎あゆみ年表
『Duty』収録のシングル
	「vogue」; リリース: 2000年4月26日; 「Far away」; リリース: 2000年5月17日; 「SEASONS」; リリース: 2000年6月7日; 「SURREAL」; リリース: 2000年9月27日; 「AUDIENCE」; リリース: 2000年11月1日;
	テンプレートを表示