菌糸体　　

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the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae
the basidium of various fungi

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菌糸体

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/08 08:26:21」(JST)

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Fungal mycelium

Microscopic view of a mycelium. This image covers a one-millimeter square.

Another microscopic view of a mycelium. Numbered ticks are 230 µm apart.

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) growing on coffee grounds

Mycelium as seen under a log

Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. The mass of hyphae is sometimes called shiro, especially within the fairy ring fungi. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in soil and on or within many other substrates. A typical single spore germinates into a homokaryotic mycelium, which cannot reproduce sexually; when two compatible homokaryotic mycelia join and form a dikaryotic mycelium, that mycelium may form fruiting bodies such as mushrooms. A mycelium may be minute, forming a colony that is too small to see, or it may be extensive:

Is this the largest organism in the world? This 2,400-acre (9.7 km²) site in eastern Oregon had a contiguous growth of mycelium before logging roads cut through it.Estimated at 1,665 football fields in size and 2,200 years old, this one fungus has killed the forest above it several times over, and in so doing has built deeper soil layers that allow the growth of ever-larger stands of trees. Mushroom-forming forest fungi are unique in that their mycelial mats can achieve such massive proportions.

—Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running

It is through the mycelium that a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment. It does this in a two-stage process. First, the hyphae secrete enzymes onto or into the food source, which break down biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers. These monomers are then absorbed into the mycelium by facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Mycelium is vital in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems for their role in the decomposition of plant material. They contribute to the organic fraction of soil, and their growth releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. The mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi increases the efficiency of water and nutrient absorption of most plants and confers resistance to some plant pathogens. Mycelium is an important food source for many soil invertebrates.

Mycelium is a mass noun with no plural form.^[1] The term mycelia does not exist in the Dictionary of the Fungi, but is often used incorrectly as the plural form of mycelium.

Sclerotia are compact or hard masses of mycelium.

Uses[edit source | edit]

One of the primary roles of fungi in an ecosystem is to decompose organic compounds. Petroleum products and pesticides, typical soil contaminants, are organic molecules, i.e. they are built on a carbon structure. This means that these substances present a potential carbon source for fungi. Hence, fungi have the potential to remove such pollutants from the soil environment, unless the chemicals prove toxic to the fungus. This biological degradation is a process known as bioremediation.

Mycelial mats have been suggested (see Paul Stamets) as having potential as biological filters, removing chemicals and microorganisms from soil and water. The use of fungal mycelium to accomplish this has been termed mycofiltration.

Knowledge of the relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plants suggests new ways to improve crop yields.

When spread on logging roads, mycelium can act as a binder, holding new soil in place and preventing washouts until woody plants can be established.

References[edit source | edit]

^ Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th Edition. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing. 2008. p. 445. ISBN 1845939336.

Stamets, Paul. Mycelium Running, Ten Speed Press,U.S.A. 2005 (p. 45, caption to figure 60)

External links[edit source | edit]

Mycofiltration: A novel approach for the bio-transformation of abandoned logging roads
Paul Stamets: Six ways mushrooms can save the world
The mycelium
Eben Bayer's Talk about Greensulate at the TED conference

UpToDate Contents

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1. パラコクシジオイデス症の菌類学および疫学 mycology and epidemiology of paracoccidioidomycosis

English Journal

Streptomyces alkaliphilus sp. nov., isolated from sediments of Lake Elmenteita in the Kenyan Rift Valley.

Akhwale JK1, Göker M, Rohde M, Spröer C, Schumann P, Klenk HP, Boga HI.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.2015 May;107(5):1249-59. doi: 10.1007/s10482-015-0418-2. Epub 2015 Mar 12.
A novel strain, designated No. 7(T), was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the alkaline, saline Lake Elmenteita located in the Kenyan Rift Valley. The optimal growth for the strain was found to be at temperature 30-35 °C, at pH 8.0-12.0 in the presence of 7.0-10.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The s
PMID 25761860

Radiocaesium activity concentrations in macrofungi from Galicia (NW Spain): Influence of environmental and genetic factors.

García MA1, Alonso J2, Melgar MJ3.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2015 May;115:152-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.02.005. Epub 2015 Feb 18.
Radiocaesium ((137)Cs) is an artificial radionuclide that can be captured from the soil through the mycelium of fungi. However, in Spain there are few data on its presence in edible mushrooms. (137)Cs activity concentrations were determined using 54 samples of wild and cultivated mushrooms and 18 sa
PMID 25700093

Micronized copper wood preservatives: An efficiency and potential health risk assessment for copper-based nanoparticles.

Civardi C1, Schwarze FW2, Wick P3.
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987).Environ Pollut.2015 May;200:126-132. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.018. Epub 2015 Feb 23.
Copper (Cu) is an essential biocide for wood protection, but fails to protect wood against Cu-tolerant wood-destroying fungi. Recently Cu particles (size range: 1 nm-25 μm) were introduced to the wood preservation market. The new generation of preservatives with Cu-based nanoparticles (Cu-based N
PMID 25705855

Japanese Journal

First Occurrence of Cobweb Disease on Hypsizigus marmoreus Caused by Cladobotryum varium in Korea

Back Chang–Gi,Lee Chang–Yun,Seo Geon–Sik,Jung Hee–Young,Oga Shoji,大賀祥治
Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 57(2), 373-377, 2012-09-20
… The symptoms were white mycelium covered fruit bodies of the mushroom and later, rotten the mushrooms. …
NAID 120004756188

ショウロ菌糸体におけるクランプ形成検定培地の開発

霜村典宏,江木翼,沢田清美,会見忠則
日本きのこ学会誌 : mushroom science and biotechnology 20(2), 85-88, 2012-07-31
ショウロの二次菌糸の指標であるクランプ形成を迅速に観察する検定培地(TM7培地)を開発した.TM7培地は0.2%(w/v)Tween80,0.1%(w/v)麦芽エキス,2%(w/v)寒天の組成で,1M NaOHでpH7.0に調整した培地である.TM7平板培地に組織分離菌株と単胞子分離菌株をそれぞれ接種して培地面を下にして培養すると,組織分離菌株では接種後5日目で安定してクランプ形成が認められたが, …
NAID 110009489220