of or relating to or transmitted by a member of the family Muridae (rats and mice); "a murine plague"
a rodent that is a member of the family Muridae
manipulate the mouse of a computer
a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad; "a mouse takes much more room than a trackball" (同)computer mouse
any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
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"Murine" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Murrine the art glass technique.
The Old World rats and mice, part of the subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species. Members of this subfamily are called murines. This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae and Muridae, and is larger than all mammal orders except the bats and the remainder of the rodents.[1]
Contents
1Description
2Fossils
3Taxonomy
4Distribution
5List of species
6Notes
7References
Description
The Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia. They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia. They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica, and are serious pest animals. This is particularly true in island communities where they have contributed to the endangerment and extinction of many native animals.[citation needed]
Two prominent murine human commensals have become vital laboratory animals. The brown rat and house mouse are both used as medical subjects.
The murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents.[citation needed]
Fossils
The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus Antemus. Antemus is thought to derive directly from Potwarmus, which has a more primitive tooth pattern. Likewise, two genera, Progonomys and Karnimata, are thought to derive directly from Antemus. Progonomys is thought to be the ancestor of Mus and relatives, while Karnimata is thought to lead to Rattus and relatives. All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan. The transition from Potwarmus to Antemus to Progonomys and Karnimata is considered an excellent example of anagenic evolution.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
Most of the Murinae have been poorly studied. Some genera have been grouped, such as the hydromyine water rats, conilurine or pseudomyine Australian mice, or the phloeomyine Southeast Asian forms. No tribal level taxonomy has been attempted for the complete subfamily. It appears as if genera from Southeast Asian islands and Australia may be early offshoots compared to mainland forms. The vlei rats in the genera Otomys and Parotomys are often placed in a separate subfamily, Otomyinae, but have been shown to be closely related to African murines in spite of their uniqueness.
Three genera, Uranomys, Lophuromys, and Acomys, were once considered to be murines, but were found to be more closely related to gerbils through molecular phylogenetics. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, Deomyinae.
Molecular phylogenetic studies of Murinae include Lecompte, et al. (2008),[2] which analyzes African murine species based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and two nuclear gene fragments. Lecompte, et al. (2008) estimates that African murines colonized Africa from Asia approximately 11 million years ago during the Miocene.
The following phylogeny of 16 Murinae genera, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein (IRBP) gene, is from Jansa & Weksler (2004: 264).[3]
Murinae
Phloeomys
Micromys
Maxomys
Niviventer
Sundamys
Rattus
Rhynchomys
Otomys
Aethomys
Rhabdomys
Grammomys
Tokudaia
Mus
Mastomys
Praomys
Hylomyscus
Distribution
The following is a list of Murinae genus divisions ordered by the continents that they are endemic to. Most of the diversity is located in Southeast Asia and Australasia.
Africa
Aethomys division - 1 genus
Arvicanthis division - 6 genera
Colomys division - 3 genera
Dasymys division - 8 genera
Hybomys division - 3 genera
Malacomys division - 1 genus
Oenomys division - 5 genea
Otomyini division/tribe - 3 genera
Stenocephalomys[citation needed]
Eurasia
Apodemus division - 2 genera
Micromys division - 6 genera
Genus Mus
South Asia
Golunda division - 1 genus
Millardia division - 4 genera
Southeast Asia
Dacnomys division - 8 genera
Hadromys division - 1 genus
Maxomys division - 1 genus
Pithecheir division - 6 genera
Rattus division - 21 genera
Philippines
Chrotomys division - 5 genera
Crunomys division - 2 genera
Phloeomys division - 4 genera
Genus Musseromys
Sulawesi
Crunomys division - 2 genera
Echiothrix division - 1 genus
Melasmothrix division - 2 genera
Moluccas
Halmaheramys division - 1 genus
New Guinea
Hydromys division - 6 genera
Lorentzimys division - 1 genus
Pogonomys division - 11 genera
Uromys division - 5 genera
Xeromys division - 3 genera
Genus Mirzamys
Australia
Pseudomys division - 8 genera
List of species
As of 2005, the Murinae contained 129 genera in 584 species. Musser and Carleton (2005) divided the Murinae into 29 genus divisions. They treated the Otomyinae as a separate subfamily, but all molecular analyses conducted to date have supported their inclusion in the Murinae as relatives of African genera .[4][5][6][7] In a recent expedition in the Philippines, seven more Apomys mice were added and the genus was proposed to split into two subgenera - Apomys and Megapomys, based on morphological and cytochrome b DNA sequences.[8]
SUBFAMILY MURINAE - Old World rats and mice
Aethomys division
Genus Aethomys - bush rats
Bocage's rock rat, Aethomys bocagei
Red rock rat, Aethomys chrysophilus
Grant's rock rat, Aethomys (Micaelamys) granti
Hinde's rock rat, Aethomys hindei
Tete veld aethomys, Aethomys ineptus
Kaiser's rock rat, Aethomys kaiseri
Namaqua rock rat, Aethomys (Micaelamys) namaquensis
Nyika rock rat, Aethomys nyikae
Silinda rock rat, Aethomys silindensis
Tinfields rock rat, Aethomys stannarius
Thomas's rock rat, Aethomys thomasi
Apodemus division
Genus Apodemus - Old World field mice
Striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius
Alpine field mouse, Apodemus alpicola
Small Japanese field mouse, Apodemus argenteus
Chevrier's field mouse, Apodemus chevrieri
South China field mouse, Apodemus draco
Yellow-necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis – includes A. arianus
Himalayan field mouse, Apodemus gurkha
Caucasus field mouse, Apodemus hyrcanicus
Sichuan field mouse, Apodemus latronum
Pygmy field mouse, Apodemus microps
Eastern broad-toothed field mouse, Apodemus mystacinus
Western broad-toothed field mouse, Apodemus epimelas
^Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, Deeann M. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 12. p. 1191. ISBN 9780801882210.
^Emilie Lecompte, Ken Aplin, Christiane Denys, François Catzeflis, Marion Chades and Pascale Chevret. 2008. Phylogeny and biogeography of African Murinae based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, with a new tribal classification of the subfamily. BMC Evolutionary Biology2008 8:199 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-199
^Jansa, S.A.; Weksler, M. (2004). "Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 31 (1): 256–276. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.002. PMID 15019624.
^Michaux 2001.
^Jansa & Weksler 2004.
^Steppan, Adkins & Anderson 2004.
^Jansa, Barker & Heaney 2006.
^Heaney et al. 2011.
References
Chevret, Pascale; Denys, Christiane; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques; Michaux, Jacques; Catzeflis, Francois M. (1993). "Molecular Evidence that the Spiny Mouse (Acomys) is More Closely Related to Gerbils (Gerbillinae) Than to True Mice (Murinae)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (8): 3433–6. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.3433C. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.8.3433. JSTOR 2361758. PMC 46314. PMID 8475093.
Heaney, Lawrence R.; Balete, Danilo S.; Rickart, Eric A.; Alviola, Phillip A.; Duya, Mariano Roy M.; Duya, Melizar V.; Veluz, M. Josefa; Vandevrede, Lawren; Steppan, Scott J. (2011). "Chapter 1: Seven New Species and a New Subgenus of Forest Mice (Rodentia: Muridae: Apomys) from Luzon Island". Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 2 (2): 1–60. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-2.1.1.
Jacobs, Louis L. (1978). Fossil Rodents (Rhizomyidae & Muridae): From Neogene Siwalik Deposits, Pakistan. Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona, 52. OCLC 4611477.
Jansa, Sharon; Barker, F.; Heaney, Lawrence (2006). "The Pattern and Timing of Diversification of Philippine Endemic Rodents: Evidence from Mitochondrial and Nuclear Gene Sequences". Systematic Biology. 55 (1): 73–88. doi:10.1080/10635150500431254. JSTOR 20142900. PMID 16507525.
Jansa, Sharon A.; Weksler, Marcelo (2004). "Phylogeny of muroid rodents: Relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 31 (1): 256–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.002. PMID 15019624.
McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (2000). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.
Michaux, J; Reyes, A; Catzeflis, F (2001). "Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: Molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (11): 2017–31. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003743. PMID 11606698.
Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M. D. (1993). "Family Muridae". In Wilson, Don E; Reeder, DeeAnn M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 501–755. ISBN 978-1-56098-217-3.
Musser, Guy G.; Heaney, Lawrence R. (2006). "Philippine rodents: Definitions of Tarsomys and Limnomys plus a preliminary assessment of phylogenetic patterns among native Philippine murines (Murinae, Muridae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 21: 1–138. hdl:2246/906.
Nowak, R.M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Steppan, Scott; Adkins, Ronald; Anderson, Joel (2004). "Phylogeny and Divergence-Date Estimates of Rapid Radiations in Muroid Rodents Based on Multiple Nuclear Genes". Systematic Biology. 53 (4): 533–53. doi:10.1080/10635150490468701. JSTOR 4135423. PMID 15371245.
Steppan, Scott J.; Adkins, R.M.; Spinks, P.Q.; Hale, C. (2005). "Multigene phylogeny of the Old World mice, Murinae, reveals distinct geographic lineages and the declining utility of mitochondrial genes compared to nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 370–88. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.016. PMID 15975830.
Extant species of subfamily Murinae
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Extant species of subfamily Murinae (Aethomys–Chrotomys)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordate
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Aethomys Division
Aethomys (Bush rats)
Bocage's rock rat (A. bocagei)
red rock rat (A. chrysophilus)
Grant's rock mouse (A. (Micaelamys) granti)
Hinde's rock rat (A. hindei)
Tete veld aethomys (A. ineptus)
Kaiser's rock rat (A. kaiseri)
Namaqua rock rat (A. (Micaelamys) namaquensis)
Nyika rock rat (A. nyikae)
Selinda veld rat (A. silindensis)
Tinfields rock rat (A. stannarius)
Thomas's rock rat (A. thomasi)
Apodemus Division
Apodemus (Old world field mice)
striped field mouse (A. agrarius)
Alpine field mouse (A. alpicola)
small Japanese field mouse (A. argenteus)
A. avicennicus
Chevrier's field mouse (A. chevrieri)
South China field mouse (A. draco)
yellow-necked mouse (A. flavicollis)
Himalayan field mouse (A. gurkha)
Caucasus field mouse (A. hyrcanicus)
Sichuan field mouse (A. latronum)
Ural field mouse (A. microps)
Eastern broad-toothed field mouse (A. mystacinus)
Western broad-toothed field mouse (A. epimelas)
Ward's field mouse (A. pallipes)
Korean field mouse (A. peninsulae)
Black Sea field mouse (A. ponticus)
Kashmir field mouse (A. rusiges)
Taiwan field mouse (A. semotus)
large Japanese field mouse (A. speciosus)
wood mouse (A. sylvaticus)
Ural field mouse (A. uralensis )
Steppe field mouse (A. witherbyi)
Tokudaia (Ryukyu spiny rats)
Muennink's spiny rat (T. muenninki)
Ryukyu spiny rat (T. osimensis)
Tokunoshima spiny rat (T. tokunoshimensis)
Arvicanthis Division
Arvicanthis (Unstriped grass mice)
Abyssinian grass rat (A. abyssinicus)
Sudanian grass rat (A. ansorgei)
Blick's grass rat (A. blicki)
Nairobi grass rat (A. nairobae)
Neumann's grass rat (A. neumanni)
African grass rat (A. niloticus)
Guinean grass rat (A. rufinus)
Desmomys
Harrington's rat (D. harringtoni)
Yalden's rat (D. yaldeni)
Lemniscomys (Striped grass mice)
Barbary striped grass mouse (L. barbarus)
Bellier's striped grass mouse (L. bellieri)
Griselda's striped grass mouse (L. griselda)
Hoogstraal's striped grass mouse (L. hoogstraali)
Senegal one-striped grass mouse (L. linulus)
Buffoon striped grass mouse (L. macculus)
Mittendorf's striped grass mouse (L. mittendorfi)
single-striped grass mouse (L. rosalia)
Rosevear's striped grass mouse (L. roseveari)
typical striped grass mouse (L. striatus)
Heuglin's striped grass mouse (L. zebra)
Mylomys
African groove-toothed rat (M. dybowskii)
Ethiopian mylomys (M. rex)
Pelomys (Groove-toothed creek rats)
Bell groove-toothed swamp rat (P. campanae)
Creek groove-toothed swamp rat (P. fallax)
Hopkins's groove-toothed swamp rat (P. hopkinsi)
Issel's groove-toothed swamp rat (P. isseli)
least groove-toothed swamp rat (P. minor)
Rhabdomys
R. dilectus
four-striped grass mouse (R. pumilio)
Chrotomys Division
Apomys
Luzon Cordillera forest mouse (A. abrae)
Camiguin forest mouse (A. camiguinensis)
Luzon montane forest mouse (A. datae)
large Mindoro forest mouse (A. gracilirostris)
Mount Apo forest mouse (A. hylocoetes)
Mindanao montane forest mouse (A. insignis)
Mindanao lowland forest mouse (A. littoralis)
small Luzon forest mouse (A. microdon)
least forest mouse (A. musculus)
long-nosed Luzon forest mouse (A. sacobianus)
Archboldomys
Mount Isarog shrew-mouse (A. luzonensis)
Large Cordillera shrew-mouse (A. maximus)
Soricomys
Soricomys kalinga
Soricomys leonardocoi
Southern Cordillera shrew-mouse (S. montanus)
Sierra Madre shrew-mouse (S. musseri)
Chrotomys (Luzon striped rats)
Luzon striped rat (C. whiteheadi)
Mindoro striped rat (C. mindorensis)
Isarog striped shrew-rat (C. gonzalesi)
blazed Luzon shrew-rat (C. silaceus)
Sibuyan striped shrew-rat (C. sibuyanensis)
Rhynchomys (Shrewlike rats)
Banahao shrew-rat (R. banahao)
Isarog shrew-rat (R. isarogensis)
Mount Data shrew-rat (R. soricoides)
Tapulao shrew-rat (R. tapulao)
See also
Colomys–Golunda
Hadromys–Maxomys
Melasmothrix–Mus
Oenomys–Pithecheir
Pogonomys–Pseudomys
Rattus
Stenocephalomys–Xeromys
Otomys
Others
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Extant species of subfamily Murinae (Colomys–Golunda)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordate
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Colomys Division
Colomys
African wading rat (C. goslingi)
Nilopegamys
Ethiopian amphibious rat (N. plumbeus)
Zelotomys (Stink mice)
Hildegarde's broad-headed mouse (Z. hildegardeae)
Woosnam's broad-headed mouse (Z. woosnami)
Crunomys Division
Crunomys
Celebes shrew-rat (C. celebensis)
Northern Luzon shrew-rat (C. fallax)
Mindanao shrew-rat (C. melanius)
Katanglad shrew-mouse (C. suncoides)
Sommeromys
Sommer's Sulawesi rat (S. macrorhinos)
Dacnomys Division
Anonymomys
Mindoro climbing rat (A. mindorensis)
Chiromyscus
Fea's tree rat (C. chiropus)
Dacnomys
Millard's rat (D. millardi)
Leopoldamys (Long-tailed giant rats)
Sundaic mountain leopoldamys (L. ciliatus)
Edwards's long-tailed giant rat (L. edwardsi)
Millet's leopoldamys (L. milleti)
Neill's long-tailed giant rat (L. neilli)
Long-tailed giant rat (L. sabanus)
Mentawai long-tailed giant rat (L. siporanus)
Niviventer (White-bellied rats)
Anderson's white-bellied rat (N. andersoni)
Brahma white-bellied rat (N. brahma)
Cameron Highlands white-bellied rat (N. cameroni)
Chinese white-bellied rat (N. confucianus)
Coxing's white-bellied rat (N. coninga)
Dark-tailed tree rat (N. cremoriventer)
Oldfield white-bellied rat (N. culturatus)
Smoke-bellied rat (N. eha)
Large white-bellied rat (N. excelsior)
Montane Sumatran white-bellied rat (N. fraternus)
Chestnut white-bellied rat (N. fulvescens)
Limestone rat (N. hinpoon)
Lang Bian white-bellied rat (N. langbianis)
Narrow-tailed white-bellied rat (N. lepturus)
Hainan white-bellied rat (N. lotipes)
White-bellied rat (N. niviventer)
Long-tailed mountain rat (N. rapit)
Tenasserim white-bellied rat (N. tenaster)
Saxatilomys
Paulina's limestone rat (S. paulinae)
Srilankamys
Ohiya rat (S. ohiensis)
Tonkinomys
Daovantien's limestone rat (T. daovantieni)
Dasymys Division
Dasymys (Shaggy swamp rats)
Glover Allen's dasymys (D. alleni)
Crawford-Cabral's shaggy rat (D. cabrali)
Fox's shaggy rat (D. foxi)
African marsh rat (D. incomtus)
Montane shaggy rat (D. montanus)
Angolan marsh rat (D. nudipes)
Robert's shaggy rat (D. robertsii)
West African shaggy rat (D. rufulus)
Rwandan shaggy rat (D. rwandae)
D. shortridgei
Tanzanian shaggy rat (D. sua)
Echiothrix Division
Echiothrix
Central Sulawesi echiothrix (E. centrosa)
Northern Sulawesi echiothrix (E. leucura)
Golunda Division
Golunda
Indian bush rat (G. ellioti)
See also
Aethomys–Chrotomys
Hadromys–Maxomys
Melasmothrix–Mus
Oenomys–Pithecheir
Pogonomys–Pseudomys
Rattus
Stenocephalomys–Xeromys
Otomys
Others
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Extant species of subfamily Murinae (Hadromys–Maxomys)
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Christiansen BA1.
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