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Rhadinovirus (also known as Rhadinoviridae and gamma-2 herpesviruses) is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. Human and mammals serve as natural hosts. There are currently nine species in this genus including the type species Saimiriine herpesvirus 2.^[1]^[2] Diseases associated with this genus include: Kaposi's sarcoma,^[1] primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease, caused by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The term rhadino comes from the Latin fragile, referring to the tendency of the viral genome to break apart when it is isolated.

Hosts

In general, rhadinoviruses infect lymphocytes and adherent cells, such as fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells and once infection occurs, it is, in general, lifelong. Rhandinoviruses infect a wide range of mammals, include humans. Rhadinoviruses have been found in New World monkeys such as the squirrel monkeys (herpesvirus saimiri) and in mice (murine gammaherpesvirus-68). More recently, both KSHV-like viruses and a new form of rhadinovirus called rhesus rhadinovirus have been discovered in Old World monkeys. These findings suggest that an additional human tumor virus related to KSHV may be found in humans.

Structure

Viruses in Rhadinovirus are enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical to pleomorphic, and round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 150-200 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 180kb in length.^[1] They are large double-stranded viruses that possess up to 100 genes in a single long chromosome, which is flanked by repetitive DNA sequences called terminal repeats.

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic Arrangement	Genomic Segmentation
Rhadinovirus	Spherical Pleomorphic	T=16	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Life Cycle

Viral replication is nuclear, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and budding. Human and mammals serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are sexual, contact, and saliva.^[1]

Genus	Host Details	Tissue Tropism	Entry Details	Release Details	Replication Site	Assembly Site	Transmission
Rhadinovirus	Humans; mammals	B-lymphocytes	Glycoproteins	Budding	Nucleus	Nucleus	Sex; saliva

Taxonomy

Group: dsDNA

Order: Herpesvirales

Family: Herpesviridae
- Sub-Family: Gammaherpesvirinae
  - Genus: Rhadinovirus
    
    Ateline herpesvirus 2
    
    Ateline herpesvirus 3
    
    Bovine herpesvirus 4
    
    Cricetid herpesvirus 2
    
    Human herpesvirus 8
    
    Macacine herpesvirus 5
    
    Murid herpesvirus 4
    
    Murid herpesvirus 7
    
    Saimiriine herpesvirus 2

^[2]

Species Details

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 ^[3] (AIHV-1) – Malignant catarrhal fever virus
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 ^[3] (AIHV-2) – Hartebeest malignant catarrhal fever virus
Ateline herpesvirus 2 (AtHV-2) – Herpesvirus ateles
Ateline herpesvirus 3
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) – Movar virus
Equid herpesvirus 2 ^[4] (EHV-2)
Equid herpesvirus 5 ^[4] (EHV-5)
Equid herpesvirus 7 ^[4] (EHV-7) – Asinine herpesvirus 2
Hippotragine herpesvirus 1 ^[3] (HiHV-1) – Roan antelope herpesvirus
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) – Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
Macacine herpesvirus 5 (previously Cercopithecine herpesvirus 17, CeHV-17) – Rhesus rhadinovirus
Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4) – Mouse herpesvirus strain 68
Ovine herpesvirus 2 ^[3] (OvHV-2) – Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever of cattle virus
Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 (SaHV-2) – Herpesvirus saimiri

Notes

Rhadinoviruses are unique because they have mastered the ability to pirate cellular genes from their host cells and incorporate them into their genomes. For example, most rhadinoviruses have a copy of the cyclin gene, which regulates the ability of the cell to divide. These viruses tend to cause tumors when infection occurs outside of their native hosts or in the case of KSHV, in humans when the host is immunosuppressed due to AIDS, old age, or in the setting of organ transplantation.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The Herpesviridae Study Group has proposed that this species be reassigned to the genus Macavirus.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Herpesviridae Study Group has proposed that this species be reassigned to the genus Percavirus.

External links

Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Herpesviridae
Viralzone: Rhadinovirus
ICTV

English Journal

Herpesvirus saimiri-based endothelin-converting enzyme-1 shRNA expression decreases prostate cancer cell invasion and migration.

Hong Y, Macnab S, Lambert LA, Turner AJ, Whitehouse A, Usmani BA.SourceInstitute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2011 Aug 1;129(3):586-98. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25719. Epub 2010 Dec 2.
The zinc metalloprotease, endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), which converts the mitogenic peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) from its biologically inactive precursor big-ET-1, is commonly upregulated in prostate cancer (PC) cells. Consequently, we have sought to suppress ECE-1 expression by using RNAi
PMID 20949559

Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus ORF57 Induces gH and gL Glycoprotein Expression through Posttranscriptional Accumulation of Target mRNAs.

Shin YC, Desrosiers RC.SourceNew England Primate Research Center, 1 Pine Hill Drive, Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772-9102. ronald_desrosiers@hms.harvard.edu.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2011 Aug;85(15):7810-7. Epub 2011 May 25.
Open reading frame 57 (ORF57) of gamma-2 herpesviruses is a key regulator of viral gene expression. It has been reported to enhance the expression of viral genes by transcriptional, posttranscriptional, or translational activation mechanisms. Previously we have shown that the expression of gH and gL
PMID 21613403

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リンク元	「equid herpesvirus 2」「equine herpesvirus 2」「murine herpesvirus 68」「ラジノウイルス」

「equid herpesvirus 2」

Rhadinovirus
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Order:	Herpesvirales
Family:	Herpesviridae
Subfamily:	Gammaherpesvirinae
Genus:	Rhadinovirus
Type Species
	Saimiriine herpesvirus 2;