関: murine

WordNet

of or relating to or transmitted by a member of the family Muridae (rats and mice); "a murine plague"
a rodent that is a member of the family Muridae
an inorganic compound containing the divalent ion -O-O-
bleach with peroxide; "She must peroxide her hair-it looks unnaturally blond"

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過酸化物 / =hydrogen
〈髪〉‘を'過酸化水素で漂白する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/16 23:23:35」(JST)

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Hydrogen peroxide - urea is a solid composed of equal amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea. This compound is a white crystalline solid, which dissolves in water to give free hydrogen peroxide. Often called carbamide peroxide in the dental applications, it is used as a source of hydrogen peroxide for bleaching, disinfection, and oxidation.

Structure, properties, production[edit]

Akin to water of crystallization, hydrogen peroxide cocrystallizes with urea with the stoichiometry of 1:1. The compound is simply produced (on a scale of several hundred tonnes a year) by the dissolution of urea in excess concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution, followed by crystallization.^[1] The laboratory synthesis is analogous.^[2] Upon dissolving in various solvents, this 1:1 complex dissociates back to urea and hydrogen peroxide. So just like hydrogen peroxide, the adduct is an oxidizer. the solubility of commercial samples varies from 0.05 g/mL^[3] to more than 0.6 g/mL.^[4] The solid state structure of this adduct at the right has been determined by neutron diffraction.^[5]

Applications[edit]

Disinfectant and bleaching agent[edit]

Hydrogen peroxide - urea is mainly used as a disinfecting and bleaching agent in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.^[1] As a drug, this compound is used in some preparations for the whitening of teeth.^[1]^[6]^[7] It is also used to relieve minor inflammation of gums, oral mucosal surfaces and lips including canker sores and dental irritation,^[8] and to emulsify and disperse ear wax.^[8]

In tooth bleaching, the hydrogen peroxide produced acts to oxidise interprismatic extrinsic staining within tooth enamel. There are several methods of applying the peroxide gel to the tooth ranging from night-guard application at home to in-surgery application. The bleaching obtained is proportional to the length of time the peroxide is applied to the tooth, and the concentration used. Concentrations used for tooth whitening purposes range between 10% and 44%. Higher concentrations carry a higher risk of side effects such as chemical burns. 10% is widely regarded as safe.^{[citation needed]}

A pharmaceutical company, Elorac, has performed clinical trials for the use of carbamide peroxide for the treatment of acne vulgaris.^[9]

Reagent in organic synthesis[edit]

In the laboratory, it is used as a more easily handled replacement for hydrogen peroxide.^[2]^[10]^[11]

Safety[edit]

As an oxidizer, this compound is a skin, eye and respiratory irritant. At higher concentrations, it is corrosive and may cause burns if not used properly. If too much gel is used and left in contact with skin or gums, there is a risk of white chemical burns called blanching.^{[citation needed]}

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Harald Jakob, Stefan Leininger, Thomas Lehmann, Sylvia Jacobi, Sven Gutewort (2005), "Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2
^ ^a ^b Yu, Lei; Meng, Bo; Huang, Xian (2008). "Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide Complex: A Selective Oxidant in the Synthesis of 2-Phenylselenyl-1,3-butadienes". Synthetic Communications 38 (18): 3142. doi:10.1080/00397910802109224.
^ Sigma-Aldrich specification sheet
^ Chemicalland data sheet
^ C.J. Fritchie, Jr.; R.K. McMullan; McMullan, R. K. (1981). "Neutron diffraction study of the 1:1 urea:hydrogen peroxide complex at 81 K". Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 37 (5): 1086. doi:10.1107/S0567740881005116.
^ Mokhlis, GR; Matis, BA; Cochran, MA; Eckert, GJ (2000). "A Clinical Evaluation of Carbamide Peroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Whitening Agents during Daytime Use". Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 131 (9): 1269–77. PMID 10986827.
^ Toothwhitening from the UMD of New Jersey website
^ ^a ^b Center for Integrative Medicine: Carbamide Peroxide from the University of Maryland Medical Center website
^ Elorac Announces Clinical Results of Carbamide Peroxide Studies for the Treatment of Acne website
^ Varma, Rajender S.; Naicker, Kannan P. (1999). "The Urea−Hydrogen Peroxide Complex: Solid-State Oxidative Protocols for Hydroxylated Aldehydes and Ketones (Dakin Reaction), Nitriles, Sulfides, and Nitrogen Heterocycles". Organic Letters 1 (2): 189. doi:10.1021/ol990522n.
^ Harry Heaney, Francesca Cardona, Andrea Goti, "Hydrogen Peroxide–Urea" Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis 2008. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rh047.pub2

External links[edit]

"Hydrogen peroxide urea adduct, UHP". Organic Chemistry Portal.
"Carbamide Peroxide Monograph". Drugs.com.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 耳垢 cerumen

English Journal

Therapeutic effectiveness of a new enzymatic bleaching dentifrice.

Forner L, Amengual J, Liena C, Riutord P.AbstractBackground: Research into bleaching focuses on new products in order to minimize undesirable effects. This study evaluated the bleaching effectiveness of a new enzymatic-activated dentifrice. Materials and methods: A total of 20 volunteers were bleached with a dentifrice containing 5% lactoperoxidase and 3% carbamide peroxide applied three times a day for two minutes over 21 days. Color was recorded before and after the treatment using a spectrophotometer. CIELAB differences were calculated before and after treatment using the paired t test (P < 0.05). Results: Lightness was significantly higher after treatment (P < 0.001), ΔE was 5.14. The maxillary central incisors showed greater lightness than the laterals and canines, both before and after treatment, and a greater tendency towards green and blue; the same occurred in the mandibular central incisors in comparison to the canines and laterals. Conclusions: The use of brush-applied enzyme-activated carbamide peroxide at low concentrations with short exposure time is effective for whitening teeth. Clinical implications: Enzymatic dental bleaching is able to increase the efficiency of low concentration peroxides, reducing the potential risk of peroxides on oral tissues.
The European journal of esthetic dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Esthetic Dentistry.Eur J Esthet Dent.2012 Spring;7(1):62-70.
Background: Research into bleaching focuses on new products in order to minimize undesirable effects. This study evaluated the bleaching effectiveness of a new enzymatic-activated dentifrice. Materials and methods: A total of 20 volunteers were bleached with a dentifrice containing 5% lactoperoxidas
PMID 22319765

Enamel properties after tooth bleaching with hydrogen/carbamide peroxides in association with a CPP-ACP paste.

Vasconcelos AA, Cunha AG, Borges BC, Vitoriano JD, Alves-Júnior C, Machado CT, Santos AJ.SourceSchool of Dentistry, Potiguar University (Laureate International Universities) , Natal , Brazil.
Acta odontologica Scandinavica.Acta Odontol Scand.2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract Background. This study evaluated the impact of bleaching teeth using blends of a CPP-ACP paste (MI Paste; MI) and carbamide/hydrogen peroxides in different proportions on surface properties of bleached enamel. Methods. Ninety bovine incisors were bleached with 7.5% hydrogen peroxide
PMID 22320245

A novel method for testing the veridicality of dental colour assessments.

Knösel M, Reus M, Rosenberger A, Ziebolz D.SourceUniversity Medical Center Göttingen.
European journal of orthodontics.Eur J Orthod.2012 Feb;34(1):19-24. Epub 2011 Feb 2.
The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* three-dimensional coordinates suggest strong correlations between the data of a* (red-green axis) and b* (blue-yellow axis), as both are located on the same plane in the model and should therefore show a strong dependency. In order to assess
PMID 21289016

Japanese Journal

Influence of peroxide treatment on bovine enamel surface : cross-sectional analysis

USHIGOME Toshiaki,TAKEMOTO Shinji,HATTORI Masayuki,YOSHINARI Masao,KAWADA Eiji,ODA Yutaka
Dental materials journal 28(3), 315-323, 2009-05-01
… Carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide are used as the main agents in vital tooth bleaching. … In this study, the influence of peroxide treatment on cross-sectional morphology and mechanical property was investigated. …
NAID 10025915591

The Effect of Different Light Sources on Microleakage of Bleached Enamel

BULUCU Bilinc,OZSEZER Ebru,ERTAS Ertan,YUKSEL Gozde
Dental materials journal 27(4), 598-604, 2008-07
… The buccal and lingual enamel surfaces of experimental groups (n=30) were bleached with 16% carbamide peroxide for a period of 10 days, with a daily contact time of 90 minutes. …
NAID 110006861871

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「murine」「過酸化尿素」「過酸化カルバミド」
関連記事	「peroxide」「carbamide」

「murine」

Hydrogen peroxide - urea
	Other names Carbamide peroxide, urea peroxide, percarbamide, UHP
Identifiers
CAS number	124-43-6
PubChem	31294
ChemSpider	29034
UNII	31PZ2VAU81
ChEBI	CHEBI:75178
ATC code	D02AE01
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES O=C(N)N.OO ;
	InChI InChI=1S/CH4N2O.H2O2/c2-1(3)4;1-2/h(H4,2,3,4);1-2H ; Key: AQLJVWUFPCUVLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
Properties
Molecular formula	CH6N2O3
Molar mass	94.07 g mol−1
Appearance	White solid
Melting point	75-91.5 °C, 348-365 K, 167-197 °F (decomposes)
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
EU classification	Explosive, C
Flash point	60
Pharmacology
Routes of; administration	topical
Pregnancy; category	C(US)
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references