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a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers

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重合体(合一化物の分子が重合した高分子化合物)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/06 07:47:54」(JST)

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In chemistry, an oligomer (ⁱ/əˈlɪɡəmər/^[1]) (oligo-, "a few" + -mer, "parts") is a molecular complex that consists of a few monomer units, in contrast to a polymer, where the number of monomers is, in principle, not limited.^[2] Dimers, trimers, and tetramers are, for instance, oligomers composed of two, three and four monomers, respectively.

In the context of biochemistry, an oligomer usually refers to a macromolecular complex formed by non-covalent bonding of a few macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids. In this sense, a homo-oligomer would be formed by few identical molecules and by contrast, a hetero-oligomer would be made of more than one, different, macromolecules. Collagen is an example of a homo-oligomeric protein that is composed of three identical protein chains. The term multimer (/ˈmʌltɨmər/) (multi-, "more than one" + -mer, "part") is used with a meaning similar to that of oligomer in the context of proteins (although technical restrictions of word sense may exist).

IUPAC definition

Oligomer molecule: A molecule of intermediate relative molecular mass, the
structure of which essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually
or conceptually, from molecules of lower relative molecular mass.

Notes

1. A molecule is regarded as having an intermediate relative molecular mass if it
has properties which do vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of the units.

2. If a part or the whole of the molecule has an intermediate relative molecular mass
and essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually or conceptually,
from molecules of lower relative molecular mass, it may be described as oligomeric,
or by oligomer used adjectivally.^[3]

Oligomerization: The process of converting a monomer or a mixture of monomers
into an oligomer.

Note: An oligomerization by chain reaction carried out in the presence of a large amount
of chain-transfer agent, so that the end-groups are essentially fragments of the chain-
transfer agent, is termed telomerization.^[3]

Many oils are oligomeric, such as liquid paraffin. Plasticizers are oligomeric esters widely used to soften thermoplastics such as PVC. They may be made from monomers by linking them together, or by separation from the higher fractions of crude oil. Polybutene is an oligomeric oil used to make putty. Greek prefixes are often used to designate the number of monomer units in the oligomer, for example a tetramer being composed of four units and a hexamer of six.

In biochemistry, the term oligonucleotide - or, informally, "oligo" - is used for short, single-stranded nucleic acid fragments, such as DNA or RNA, or similar fragments of analogs of nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid or Morpholinos. Such oligos are used in hybridization experiments (bound to glass slides or nylon membranes), as probes for in situ hybridization or in antisense experiments such as gene knockdowns.^{[citation needed]} It can also refer to a protein complex made of two or more subunits. In this case, a complex made of several different protein subunits is called a hetero-oligomer or heteromer. When only one type of protein subunit is used in the complex, it is called a homo-oligomer or homomer.

Oligomerization is a chemical process that converts monomers to macromolecular complexes through a finite degree of polymerization. The actual figure for degree of polymerization is a matter of debate, often a value between 10 and 100.^{[citation needed]}

When an oligomer forms as a result of chain transfer the oligomer is called a telomer and the process telomerization.^[4] A telomere is a region of highly repetitive DNA at the end of a linear chromosome.

Green Oil

In Oil and Gas Industry, Green oil refers to oligomer formed in all C2, C3 and C4 hydrogenation reactors of ethylene plants; and other petrochemical production facilities; it is a mixture of C4 to C20 unsaturated and reactive components with about 90% aliphatic dienes and 10% of olefins plus paraffins. ^[5]

References

^ "Oligomer". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ McNaught; Wilkinson, A.D., eds. (February 24, 2014). "Oligomer molecule". Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book") (2 ed.). Blackwell Scientific. doi:10.1351/goldbook.O04286. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Glossary of basic terms in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 68 (12): 2287–2311. 1996. doi:10.1351/pac199668122287.
^ McNaught; Wilkinson, A.D., eds. (February 24, 2014). "Telomerization". Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book") (2 ed.). Blackwell Scientific. doi:10.1351/goldbook.T06260. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ http://www.pall.com/main/fuels-and-chemicals/green-oil-contaminant-separation-37657.page

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English Journal

Concentration-dependent structure and structural transition from chirality to nonchirality at the liquid-solid interface by coassembly.

Xu L1, Miao X, Cui L, Liu P, Chen X, Deng W.
Nanoscale.Nanoscale.2015 Jul 21;7(27):11734-45. doi: 10.1039/c5nr03142g. Epub 2015 Jun 23.
Understanding the formation and structural transition of the two-dimensional chirality of self-assembly is a subject which still gains significant interest in surface or interface chirality studies. Here, we present the solvent-induced chiral structural transition of a 2-hydroxy-7-pentadecyloxy-9-fl
PMID 26103009

Variable content of von Willebrand factor mutant monomer drives the phenotypic variability in a family with von Willebrand disease.

Chen J1, Hinckley JD2, Haberichter S3, Jacobi P4, Montgomery R4, Flood VH4, Wong R5, Interlandi G6, Chung DW1, López JA7, Di Paola J2.
Blood.Blood.2015 Jul 9;126(2):262-9. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-613935. Epub 2015 May 27.
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. We evaluated a 24-member pedigree with VWD type 2 caused by a T>G mutation at position 3911 that predicts a methionine to arginine (M1304R) change in the platelet-bindi
PMID 26019279

Huntingtin N-Terminal Monomeric and Multimeric Structures Destabilized by Covalent Modification of Heteroatomic Residues.

Arndt JR1, Kondalaji SG1, Maurer MM1, Parker A1, Legleiter J1, Valentine SJ1.
Biochemistry.Biochemistry.2015 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Early stage oligomer formation of the huntingtin protein may be driven by self-association of the 17-residue amphipathic α-helix at the protein's N-terminus (Nt17). Oligomeric structures have been implicated in neuronal toxicity and may represent important neurotoxic species in Huntington's disease
PMID 26098795

Japanese Journal

Low Vacuum SIMS Measurements of Higher Alcohols with MeV-energy Heavy Ion Beam

, , , ,
Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan 39(3), 265-268, 2014
… The results indicated that secondary ions of monomer and multimer species were generated by different phases in the sample. …
NAID 130005004341

Recognition of Oligodeoxynucleotides by Toll-like Receptor 9: Phosphodiester Backbone vs. Phosphorothioate Backbone and Monomer vs. Multimer

Nano Biomedicine 5(2), 55-63, 2013
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) sequences in DNA and activates immunity by inducing proinflammatory cytokines and interferons. …
NAID 130004679857

ZQ topological invariants for Polyacetylene, Kagome and Pyrochlore lattices

Hatsugai Y.,Maruyama I.
EPL 95(2), 20003, 2011-07
… The invariants are quantum Q-multimer order parameters to characterize the topological phase transitions by the multimerization. …
NAID 120004288246