WordNet

undergo a test; "She doesnt test well"
any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc; "the test was standardized on a large sample of students" (同)mental test, mental testing, psychometric test
the act of undergoing testing; "he survived the great test of battle"; "candidates must compete in a trial of skill" (同)trial
the act of testing something; "in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately"; "he called each flip of the coin a new trial" (同)trial, run
a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe" (同)prove, try, try out, examine, essay
achieve a certain score or rating on a test; "She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools"
determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
show a certain characteristic when tested; "He tested positive for HIV"
an examination of the characteristics of something; "there are laboratories for commercial testing"; "it involved testing thousands of children for smallpox"
the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine how well something works; "they agreed to end the testing of atomic weapons"
an alkaloid narcotic drug extracted from opium; a powerful, habit-forming narcotic used to relieve pain (同)morphia
tested and proved useful or correct; "a tested method" (同)tried, well-tried
tested and proved to be reliable (同)time-tested, tried, tried and true

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人の能力などの)『試験』,考査,テスト / (物事の)『試験』,検済,試錬,実験《+of+名》 / 化学分析;試薬 / =test match / …‘を'『試験する』,検査する / …‘を'化学分析する / (…の)試験を受ける,試験をする《+for+名》
モルヒネ(鎮痛・麻酔剤)
testis の複数形

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児や青年のオピオイド中毒opioid intoxication in children and adolescents [show details]
…immediate-release morphine; levels peak three to four hours after use and depending upon preparation provide pain relief in opioid naive patients from 4 to 10 hours . Morphine main metabolite, morphine-6-glucuronide… and radioimmunoassay are available to test urine for opioids. However, the results of these tests require interpretation based upon the…
2. 緩和ケアの最新情報whats new in palliative care [show details]
…sustained-release morphine or placebo . After four weeks, the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score, a measure of disease specific health status, showed greater improvement with morphine than placebo, and participants …
3. 慢性疼痛の患者に対する薬物尿検査urine drug testing for patients with chronic pain [show details]
… point-of-care. The basic IAS that is used for workplace testing includes cocaine, amphetamine, opioids (codeine, morphine, and 6-monoacetyl-morphine to test for heroin), marijuana, and phencyclidine. IAS often …
4. 肺疾患、集中治療医学の最新情報whats new in pulmonary and critical care medicine [show details]
…sustained-release morphine or placebo . After four weeks, the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score, a measure of disease specific health status, showed greater improvement with morphine than placebo, and participants …
5. 急性周術期疼痛のマネージメントmanagement of acute perioperative pain [show details]
… morphine, or hydromorphone will be required for inadequate pain relief after intrathecal morphine. The dose of epidural morphine is about 5 to 10 times… preoperatively at the vertebral level expected to be the central dermatome of the planned surgical site. A test dose is given through the catheter using 3 mL of lidocaine 1.5% with epinephrine 5 mcg/mL to confirm …

English Journal

Morphine-induced trafficking of a mu-opioid receptor interacting protein in rat locus coeruleus neurons.

Jaremko KM1, Thompson NL Jr1, Reyes BA2, Jin J3, Ebersole B3, Jenney CB4, Grigson PS4, Levenson R3, Berrettini WH5, Van Bockstaele EJ1.Author information 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.2Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States. Electronic address: Beverly.Reyes@drexelmed.edu.3Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.4Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.5Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.AbstractOpiate addiction is a devastating health problem, with approximately 2million people currently addicted to heroin or non-medical prescription opiates in the United States alone. In neurons, adaptations in cell signaling cascades develop following opioid actions at the mu opioid receptor (MOR). A novel putative target for intervention involves interacting proteins that may regulate trafficking of MOR. Morphine has been shown to induce a re-distribution of a MOR-interacting protein Wntless (WLS, a transport molecule necessary for secretion of neurotrophic Wnt proteins), from cytoplasmic to membrane compartments in rat striatal neurons. Given its opiate-sensitivity and its well-characterized molecular and cellular adaptations to morphine exposure, we investigated the anatomical distribution of WLS and MOR in the rat locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system. Dual immunofluorescence microscopy was used to test the hypothesis that WLS is localized to noradrenergic neurons of the LC and that WLS and MOR co-exist in common LC somatodendritic processes, providing an anatomical substrate for their putative interactions. We also hypothesized that morphine would influence WLS distribution in the LC. Rats received saline, morphine or the opiate agonist [d-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO), and tissue sections through the LC were processed for immunogold-silver detection of WLS and MOR. Statistical analysis showed a significant re-distribution of WLS to the plasma membrane following morphine treatment in addition to an increase in the proximity of gold-silver labels for MOR and WLS. Following DAMGO treatment, MOR and WLS were predominantly localized within the cytoplasmic compartment when compared to morphine and control. In a separate cohort of rats, brains were obtained from saline-treated or heroin self-administering male rats for pulldown co-immunoprecipitation studies. Results showed an increased association of WLS and MOR following heroin exposure. As the LC-NE system is important for cognition as well as decisions underlying substance abuse, adaptations in WLS trafficking and expression may play a role in modulating MOR function in the LC and contribute to the negative sequelae of opiate exposure on executive function.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2014 Apr 3;50:53-65. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.003. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
Opiate addiction is a devastating health problem, with approximately 2million people currently addicted to heroin or non-medical prescription opiates in the United States alone. In neurons, adaptations in cell signaling cascades develop following opioid actions at the mu opioid receptor (MOR). A nov
PMID 24333843

Direct and long-lasting effects elicited by repeated drug administration on 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations are regulated differently: implications for the study of the affective properties of drugs of abuse.

Simola N1, Frau L1, Plumitallo A2, Morelli M1.Author information 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.2Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.AbstractSeveral studies suggest that 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) may indicate a positive affective state in rats, and these vocalizations are increasingly being used to investigate the properties of psychoactive drugs. Previous studies, however, have focused on dopaminergic psychostimulants and morphine, whereas little is known about how other drugs modulate 50-kHz USVs. To further elucidate the neuropharmacology of 50-kHz USVs, the present study characterized the direct and long-lasting effects of different drugs of abuse, by measuring the number of 50-kHz USVs and their 'trill' subtype emitted by adult male rats. Rats received repeated administrations of amphetamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 7.5 mg/kg, i.p.), morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.), or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.), on either consecutive or alternate days (five administrations in total) in a novel environment. Seven days later, rats were re-exposed to the drug-paired environment, subjected to USVs recording, and then challenged with the same drug. Finally, 7 d after the challenge, rats were repeatedly exposed to the drug-paired environment and vocalizations were measured. Amphetamine was the only drug to stimulate 50-kHz USVs and 'trill' subtype emission during administration and challenge. Conversely, all rats emitted 50-kHz USVs when re-exposed to the test cage, and this effect was most marked in morphine-treated rats, and less evident in nicotine-treated rats. This study demonstrates that the direct and long-lasting effects of drugs on 50-kHz USVs are regulated differently, providing a better understanding of the usefulness of these vocalizations in the study of psychoactive drugs.
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology / official scientific journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP).Int J Neuropsychopharmacol.2014 Mar;17(3):429-41. doi: 10.1017/S1461145713001235. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
Several studies suggest that 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) may indicate a positive affective state in rats, and these vocalizations are increasingly being used to investigate the properties of psychoactive drugs. Previous studies, however, have focused on dopaminergic psychostimulants and m
PMID 24138707

Orally Active Opioid μ/δ Dual Agonist MGM-16, a Derivative of the Indole Alkaloid Mitragynine, Exhibits Potent Antiallodynic Effect on Neuropathic Pain in Mice.

Matsumoto K, Narita M, Muramatsu N, Nakayama T, Misawa K, Kitajima M, Tashima K, Devi LA, Suzuki T, Takayama H, Horie S.Author information Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Chiba, Japan (K.Ma., N.M., K.T., S.H.); Department of Toxicology (K.Ma., M.N., T.S.) and Department of Pharmacology (K.Ma., M.N.), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Molecular Structure and Biological Function, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (T.N., K.Mi., M.K., H.T.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York (L.A.D.).Abstract(E)-Methyl 2-((2S,3S,7aS,12bS)-3-ethyl-7a-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,2,3,4,6,7,7a,12b-octahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizin-2-yl)-3-methoxyacrylate (7-hydroxymitragynine), a main active constituent of the traditional herbal medicine Mitragyna speciosa, is an indole alkaloid that is structurally different from morphine. 7-Hydroxymitragynine induces a potent antinociceptive effect on mouse acute pain through μ-opioid receptors. In this study, we developed dual-acting μ- and δ-opioid agonists MGM-15 and MGM-16 from 7-hydroxymitragynine for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. MGM-16 showed a higher potency than that of 7-hydroxymitragynine and MGM-15 in in vitro and in vivo assays. MGM-16 exhibited a high affinity for μ- and δ-opioid receptors, with Ki values of 2.1 and 7.0 nM, respectively. MGM-16 showed μ- and δ-opioid full agonistic effects in a guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thiotriphosphate) binding assay and in a functional test using electrically elicited guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens contractions. Systemic administration of MGM-16 produced antinociceptive effects in a mouse acute pain model and antiallodynic effects in a chronic pain model. The antinociceptive effect of MGM-16 was approximately 240 times more potent than that of morphine in a mouse tail-flick test, and its antiallodynic effect was approximately 100 times more potent than that of gabapentin in partial sciatic nerve-ligated mice, especially with oral administration. The antinociceptive effect of MGM-16 was completely and partially blocked by the μ-selective antagonist β-funaltrexamine hydrochloride (β-FNA) and by the δ-selective antagonist naltrindole, respectively, in a tail-flick test. The antiallodynic effect of MGM-16 was completely blocked by β-FNA and naltrindole in a neuropathic pain model. These findings suggest that MGM-16 could become a class of a compound with potential therapeutic utility for treating neuropathic pain.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2014 Mar;348(3):383-92. doi: 10.1124/jpet.113.208108. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
(E)-Methyl 2-((2S,3S,7aS,12bS)-3-ethyl-7a-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,2,3,4,6,7,7a,12b-octahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizin-2-yl)-3-methoxyacrylate (7-hydroxymitragynine), a main active constituent of the traditional herbal medicine Mitragyna speciosa, is an indole alkaloid that is structurally different from m
PMID 24345467

Japanese Journal

VMAT2阻害薬テトラベナジンはマウスにおけるモルヒネ誘導過運動をDAT発現に影響せずに減弱する

北中純一,佐藤友昭,西山信好,竹村基彦,北中順惠,神取恭史,村上綾香,村谷和樹,中野多絵,田中康一,五十嵐健人,富田和男
日本薬理学会年会要旨集 93(0), 1-P-026, 2020
… <p>A single administration with morphine induced a long-lasting hyperlocomotion in mice. … a reversible vesicular monoamine transporter-2 inhibitor) significantly attenuated the hyperlocomotion induced by morphine, as compared with vehicle-pretreated mice. … Mice treated with TBZ showed an increase in immobility time in a tail suspension test, as compared with saline-treated mice. …
NAID 130007811238

ラットを用いた条件づけ場所嗜好性試験（CPP）における経口投与による評価法確立及び新たなデータ解析方法の提案

飯野雅彦,藤原淳,室田尚哉,佐々木幹夫,佐藤伸一
日本薬理学会年会要旨集 93(0), 1-P-023, 2020
… <p>Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) is a test to evaluate the rewarding effects related to psychological dependence induced by drugs, and is used to clarify the mechanism of drug dependence and to search for the effects of dependence of newly developing drugs with central nervous system effects. … In the conditioning of CPP in rats, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration is generally used, but oral administration is also required to test article that cannot be dissolved. …
NAID 130007811203

The exposure of early life stress induce chronic pain mediating through decrease of opioidergic signaling in adulthood

Kazuo Nakamoto,Shogo Tokuyama
日本薬理学会年会要旨集 92(0), JKL-14, 2019
… A large number of c-Fos, a neuronal activity marker, positive cells were observed in the PAG of MSSI mice injected with morphine, whereas control mice without morphine treatment are hardly detectable c-Fos positive cells. … Furthermore, MSSI mice showed decrease of morphine analgesia in the tail flick test compared to control mice. …
NAID 130007813366