WordNet

of or relating to or constituting a linguistic root; "a radical verb form"
(mathematics) a quantity expressed as the root of another quantity
a character conveying the lexical meaning of a logogram
a person who has radical ideas or opinions
especially of leaves; located at the base of a plant or stem; especially arising directly from the root or rootstock or a root-like stem; "basal placentation"; "radical leaves" (同)basal
arising from or going to the root or source; "a radical flaw in the plan"
surgical removal of a breast to remove a malignant tumor
changed in form or character; "their modified stand made the issue more acceptable"; "the performance of the modified aircraft was much improved"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『根本的な』,『基本的な』 / 《しばしばR-》『急進的な』,過激な / (数学の記号で)根(こん)の / 《しばしばR-》急進堂員,主義者,過激論者 / (数学の記号で)根,根号 / (化学反応で)基(き),根
乳房切除の手術;〈U〉乳房が切除された状態

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/29 04:23:45」(JST)

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Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely. Mastectomy is usually done to treat breast cancer; in some cases, women and some men believed to be at high risk of breast cancer have the operation prophylactically, that is, to prevent cancer rather than treat it. It is also the medical procedure carried out to remove breast cancer tissue in males. Alternatively, certain patients can choose to have a wide local excision, also known as a lumpectomy, an operation in which a small volume of breast tissue containing the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue is removed to conserve the breast. Both mastectomy and lumpectomy are what are referred to as "local therapies" for breast cancer, targeting the area of the tumor, as opposed to systemic therapies such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy.

Traditionally, in the case of breast cancer, the whole breast was removed. Currently the decision to do the mastectomy is based on various factors including breast size, number of lesions, biologic aggressiveness of a breast cancer, the availability of adjuvant radiation, and the willingness of the patient to accept higher rates of tumor recurrences after lumpectomy and radiation. Outcome studies comparing mastectomy to lumpectomy with radiation have suggested that routine radical mastectomy surgeries will not always prevent later distant secondary tumors arising from micro-metastases prior to discovery, diagnosis, and operation.

Rates

Mastectomy rates vary tremendously worldwide, as was documented by the 2004 'Intergroup Exemestane Study',^[1] an analysis of surgical techniques used in an international trial of adjuvant treatment among 4,700 women with early breast cancer in 37 countries. The mastectomy rate was highest in central and eastern Europe at 77%. The USA had the second highest rate of mastectomy with 56%, western and northern Europe averaged 46%, southern Europe 42% and Australia and New Zealand 34%.

Indications

Despite the increased ability to offer breast-conservation techniques to patients with breast cancer, there exist certain groups who may be better served by traditional mastectomy procedures including:

women who have already had radiation therapy to the affected breast
women with 2 or more areas of cancer in the same breast that are too far apart to be removed through 1 surgical incision, while keeping the appearance of the breast satisfactory
women whose initial lumpectomy along with (one or more) re-excisions has not completely removed the cancer
women with certain serious connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma, which make them especially sensitive to the side effects of radiation therapy
pregnant women who would require radiation while still pregnant (risking harm to the child)
women with a tumor larger than 5 cm (2 inches) that doesn't shrink very much with neoadjuvant chemotherapy
women with a cancer that is large relative to her breast size
women who have tested positive for a deleterious mutation on the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene and opt for prophylactic removal of the breasts
male breast cancer patients

Types

There are a variety of types of mastectomy in use, and the type that a patient decides to undergo (or whether he or she will decide instead to have a lumpectomy) depends on factors such as size, location, and behavior of the tumor (if there is one), whether or not the surgery is prophylactic, and whether or not the patient intends to undergo reconstructive surgery.

Simple mastectomy (or "total mastectomy"): In this procedure, the entire breast tissue is removed, but axillary contents are undisturbed. Sometimes the "sentinel lymph node"--that is, the first axillary lymph node that the metastasizing cancer cells would be expected to drain into—is removed. This surgery is sometimes done bilaterally (on both breasts) on patients who wish to undergo mastectomy as a cancer-preventative measure. Patients who undergo simple mastectomy can usually leave the hospital after a brief stay. Frequently, a drainage tube is inserted during surgery in their chest and attached to a small suction device to remove subcutaneous fluid. These are usually removed several days after surgery as drainage decrease to less than 20-30 ml per day.
Modified radical mastectomy: The entire breast tissue is removed along with the axillary contents (fatty tissue and lymph nodes). In contrast to a radical mastectomy, the pectoral muscles are spared.
Radical mastectomy (or "Halsted mastectomy"): First performed in 1882, this procedure involves removing the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes, and the pectoralis major and minor muscles behind the breast. This procedure is more disfiguring than a modified radical mastectomy and provides no survival benefit for most tumors. This operation is now reserved for tumors involving the pectoralis major muscle or recurrent breast cancer involving the chest wall.
Skin-sparing mastectomy: In this surgery, the breast tissue is removed through a conservative incision made around the areola (the dark part surrounding the nipple). The increased amount of skin preserved as compared to traditional mastecomy resections serves to facilitate breast reconstruction procedures. Patients with cancers that involve the skin, such as inflammatory cancer, are not candidates for skin-sparing mastectomy.
Nipple-sparing/subcutaneous mastectomy: Breast tissue is removed, but the nipple-areola complex is preserved. This procedure was historically done only prophylactically or with mastecomy for benign disease over fear of increased cancer development in retained areolar ductal tissue. Recent series suggest that it may be an oncologically sound procedure for tumors not in the subareolar position.^[2]^[3]^[4]
Extended Radical Mastectomy: Radical mastectomy with intrapleural en bloc resection of internal mammary lymph node by sternal splitting.^[5]

Breast prostheses used by some mastectomy patients
Mastectomy specimen containing a very large cancer of the breast (in this case, an invasive ductal carcinoma)
Typical macroscopic (gross examination) appearance of the cut surface of a mastectomy specimen containing a cancer, in this case, an invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, pale area at the center

History

Mastectomy for breast cancer was performed at least as early as 548 AD, when it was proposed by the court physician Aëtius of Amida to Theodora. She declined the surgery, and died a few months later.^[6]

Female members of the Skoptsy sect in Imperial Russia also practiced mastectomy as a ritual. ^[7]

References

^ "Federation of European Cancer Societies". Archived from the original on 2007-11-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20071128024028/http://www.fecs.be/emc.asp. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
^ Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T, et al. (2003). "Skin-sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple-areola complex and autologous reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure". Ann. Surg. 238 (1): 120–7. doi:10.1097/01.SLA.0000077922.38307.cd. PMC 1422651. PMID 12832974. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1422651/.
^ Mokbel R, Mokbel K (2006). "Is it safe to preserve the nipple areola complex during skin-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer?". Int J Fertil Women's Med 51 (5): 230–2. PMID 17269590.
^ Sacchini V, Pinotti JA, Barros AC, et al. (2006). "Nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk reduction: oncologic or technical problem?". J. Am. Coll. Surg. 203 (5): 704–14. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.07.015. PMID 17084333. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1072-7515(06)01153-7.
^ Noguchi, M; Sakuma, H; Matsuba, A; Kinoshita, H; Miwa, K; Miyazaki, I (1983). "Radical mastectomy with intrapleural en bloc resection of internal mammary lymph node by sternal splitting.". The Japanese journal of surgery 13 (1): 6–15. PMID 6887660.
^ Olson, James Stuart (2002). Bathsheba's breast: women, cancer & history. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 11. ISBN 0-8018-6936-6.
^ [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/94summer/chapter1.pdf "From Heresy to Harm: Self-Castrators in the Civic Discourse of Late Tsarist Russia"]. http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/94summer/chapter1.pdf.

External links

Advice for Men with Breast Cancer at National Cancer Institute
Mastectomy study at BBC
Mastectomy article at eMedicine
Mastectomy - slideshow by The New York Times

UpToDate Contents

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1. 乳房切除：適応、種類、および切除時の腋窩リンパ節マネージメント mastectomy indications types and concurrent axillary lymph node management
2. 腋窩リンパ節郭清の手技 technique of axillary lymph node dissection
3. 乳癌における所属リンパ節のマネージメント management of the regional lymph nodes in breast cancer
4. 潜在性原発乳癌の腋窩リンパ節転移 axillary node metastases with occult primary breast cancer
5. 乳房切除後疼痛症候群の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of postmastectomy pain syndrome

English Journal

Synchronous invasive ductal carcinoma and intravascular large B-cell lymphoma of the breast: a case report and review of the literature.

Ho CW1, Mantoo S, Lim CH, Wong CY.Author information 1Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore. christopher.ho03@imperial.ac.uk.AbstractPrimary breast lymphomas (PBLs) represent less than 1% of all breast malignancies. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (ILBCL) is a rare, aggressive form of extranodal lymphoma. Breast involvement has only been described in the literature once previously. ILBCL is characterized by the proliferation of tumour cells within the lumen of small vessels of involved organs, resulting in their eventual occlusion. Clinical features are often vague, diagnosis is difficult and delayed, and prognosis is usually poor. We report the first ever case of synchronous ILBCL and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast in a patient presenting with pyrexia of unknown origin and altered mental status who underwent modified radical mastectomy and subsequent chemotherapy, and review the literature regarding intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, PBLs and synchronous carcinomas and lymphomas of the breast.
World journal of surgical oncology.World J Surg Oncol.2014 Apr 8;12(1):88. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-88.
Primary breast lymphomas (PBLs) represent less than 1% of all breast malignancies. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (ILBCL) is a rare, aggressive form of extranodal lymphoma. Breast involvement has only been described in the literature once previously. ILBCL is characterized by the proliferation
PMID 24708809

Complete pathologic response of HER2-positive breast cancer liver metastasis with dual Anti-HER2 antagonism.

Schoellhammer HF, Hsu F, Vito C, Chu P, Park J, Waisman J, Kim J1.Author information 1Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, MD, 1500 E, Duarte Rd,, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. jokim@coh.org.AbstractBACKGROUND: Although breast cancer frequently metastasizes to the bones and brain, rarely breast cancer patients may develop isolated liver metastasis. There is increasing data that anti-HER2 targeted therapy in conjunction with systemic chemotherapy may lead to increased rates of pathologic complete response in the primary breast cancer. However, little is known about its effects on metastatic liver disease.
BMC cancer.BMC Cancer.2014 Apr 4;14(1):242. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-242.
BACKGROUND: Although breast cancer frequently metastasizes to the bones and brain, rarely breast cancer patients may develop isolated liver metastasis. There is increasing data that anti-HER2 targeted therapy in conjunction with systemic chemotherapy may lead to increased rates of pathologic complet
PMID 24708527

Serum soluble ST2 is associated with ER-positive breast cancer.

Lu DP, Zhou XY, Yao LT, Liu CG, Ma W, Jin F, Wu YF1.Author information 1Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China. wuyunfei860516@163.com.AbstractBACKGROUND: ST2, a member of the interleukin (IL)-1receptor family, regulates Th1/Th2 immune responses in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. However, the role of ST2 signaling in tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancers has not been investigated. This study investigated the possible role of soluble ST2 (sST2) in breast cancer.
BMC cancer.BMC Cancer.2014 Mar 18;14:198. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-198.
BACKGROUND: ST2, a member of the interleukin (IL)-1receptor family, regulates Th1/Th2 immune responses in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. However, the role of ST2 signaling in tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancers has not been investigated. This study investigated the possible role o
PMID 24636276

Japanese Journal

治療胸筋温存乳房切除術 (特集乳癌を究める)

九冨五郎,大村東生,里見蕗乃 [他]
外科 74(7), 721-724, 2012-07
NAID 40019365556

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リンク元	「胸筋温存乳房切除術」「非定型的乳房切断術」「非定型的乳房切除術」「根治的乳房切断術変法」
関連記事	「radical」「radical mastectomy」「mastectomy」