WordNet

coat with a layer of metal; "plate spoons with silver"
the quantity contained in a plate (同)plateful
a shallow receptacle for collection in church (同)collection plate
a flat sheet of metal or glass on which a photographic image can be recorded (同)photographic plate
a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners) (同)scale, shell
a full-page illustration (usually on slick paper)
a sheet of metal or wood or glass or plastic
dish on which food is served or from which food is eaten
structural member consisting of a horizontal beam that provides bearing and anchorage
the positively charged electrode in a vacuum tube
a rigid layer of the Earths crust that is believed to drift slowly (同)crustal plate
a main course served on a plate; "a vegetable plate"; "the blue plate special"
any flat platelike body structure or part
the thin under portion of the forequarter
a thin coating of metal deposited on a surface (同)metal_plating
the application of a thin coat of metal (as by electrolysis)
make a plat of; "Plat the town" (同)plot
a map showing planned or actual features of an area (streets and building lots etc.)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(通例各人用の丸い)『平皿』 / 〈C〉(料理の)『1皿』[『分』]《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉料理の1人前 / 〈C〉(教会などの)献金皿 / 〈U〉《集合的に》(スプーン・皿など)金(銀)製の食器類 / 〈C〉(金属・ガラス・プラスチックなどの)平板,板金 / 〈C〉(金属・木などの)標札,ナンバープレート / 〈C〉金属(石,木)版画;(本文と別刷りの)図版 / 〈C〉(印刷方法の)電気版,ステロ版 / 〈C〉(写真の)感光板 / 〈C〉《the~》(野球の)本塁(home plate) / (…を)…‘に'めっきする《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (保護のために)…‘を'板金で覆う / (印刷で)…‘を'電気版(ステロ版)にする
(金・銀などの)めっき / (船・乗物などの鋼鉄板の)被復,装甲
小さな地面(地所) / (土地などの)図面,地図
編んだもの, 弁髪; 組みひも・= plait

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/04 12:26:45」(JST)

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"Microplate" redirects here. For the geographical use, see list of tectonic plates.

Microtiter plates with 96, 384 and 1536 wells

A Microtitre plate (spelled microtiter in the United States) or microplate or microwell plate,^[1] is a flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes. The microplate has become a standard tool in analytical research and clinical diagnostic testing laboratories. A very common usage is in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the basis of most modern medical diagnostic testing in humans and animals.

A microplate typically has 6, 24, 96, 384 or even 1536 sample wells arranged in a 2:3 rectangular matrix. Some microplates have even been manufactured with 3456 or even 9600 wells, and an "array tape" product has been developed that provides a continuous strip of microplates embossed on a flexible plastic tape.^[2]

Each well of a microplate typically holds somewhere between tens of nanolitres to several millilitres of liquid. They can also be used to store dry powder or as racks to support glass tube inserts. Wells can be either circular or square. For compound storage applications, square wells with close fitting silicone cap-mats are preferred. Microplates can be stored at low temperatures for long periods, may be heated to increase the rate of solvent evaporation from their wells and can even be heat-sealed with foil or clear film. Microplates with an embedded layer of filter material were developed in the early 1990s by several companies, and today, there are microplates for just about every application in life science research which involves filtration, separation, optical detection, storage, reaction mixing or cell culture.

The enormous growth in studies of whole live cells has led to an entirely new range of microplate products which are "tissue culture treated" especially for this work. The surfaces of these products are modified using a plasma discharge to make them easier for adherent cells to grow on.

A number of companies have developed robots to specifically handle SBS microplates. These robots may be liquid handlers which aspirate or dispense liquid samples from and to these plates, or "plate movers" which transport them between instruments, plate stackers which store microplates during these processes, plate hotels for longer term storage or microplate incubators to ensure constant temperature during testing. Instrument companies have designed plate readers which can detect specific biological, chemical or physical events in samples stored in these plates.

Manufacture and composition

Microplates are manufactured in a variety of materials. The most common is polystyrene, used for most optical detection microplates. It can be coloured white by the addition of titanium dioxide for optical absorbance or luminescence detection or black by the addition of carbon for fluorescent biological assays. Polypropylene is used for the construction of plates subject to wide changes in temperature, such as storage at -80 °C and thermal cycling. It has excellent properties for the long-term storage of novel chemical compounds. Polycarbonate is cheap and easy to mould and has been used for disposable microplates for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method of DNA amplification. Cyclo-olefins are now being used to provide microplates which transmit ultraviolet light for use in newly developed assays.

The most common manufacturing process is injection moulding, used for polystyrene, polypropylene and cyclo-olefin. Vacuum forming can be used with softer plastics such as polycarbonate. Composite microplates, such as filter plates and SPE plates and even some advanced PCR plate designs use multiple components which are moulded separately and later assembled into a finished product. ELISA plates may now be assembled from twelve separate strips of eight wells, making it easier to only partially use a plate. This saves cost for the scientist.

History

A commercial microplate washer

The earliest microplate was created in 1951 by a Hungarian, Dr. Gyula Takátsy, who machined 6 rows of 12 "wells" in Lucite.^[3]^[4] However, common usage of the microplate began in the late 1950s when John Liner in USA had introduced a molded version. By 1990 there were more than 15 companies producing a wide range of microplates with different features. It was estimated that 125 million microplates were used in 2000 alone. The word "Microtiter" is a registered trademark of Cooke Engineering Company, and Thermo Electron OY is the last listed owner of the trademark (U.S. Trademark 72,128,338.) It is now more usual to use the generic term "microplate".

In 1996, the Society for Biomolecular Sciences (SBS) began an initiative to create a standard definition of a microtiter plate. A series of standards was proposed in 2003 and published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on behalf of the SBS. The standards govern various characteristics of a microplate including well dimensions (e.g. diameter, spacing and depth) as well as plate properties (e.g. dimensions and rigidity) (typical dimension ~5"x3.33"), which allows interoperability between microplates, instrumentation and equipment from different suppliers, and is particularly important in laboratory automation.

References

^ http://www.corporeality.net/museion/category/medical-scientific-instruments/
^ Elaine May (2007-06-15). "Array Tape for Miniaturized Genotyping". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.). p. 22. Retrieved 2008-07-06. "(subtitle) Processing hundreds of microplate equivalents without complex plate-handling equipment"
^ Farkas E. "Microtitrations in serology and virology – a citation-classic commentary on the use of spiral loops in serological and virological micro-methods by Takatsy, G.". CC/Life Sci (30): 10-10 Jul 27 1992.
^ Takatsy G. [URL "Uj modszer sorozatos higitasok gyors es pontos elvegzesere (A rapid and accurate method for serial dilutions)"] Check |url= scheme (help). Kiserl. Orvostud. 5:393-7, 1950.

External links

[1] An article about the invention of the microplate, published in G.I.T. Laboratory Journal (accessed 06/10/10)
[2] Dr. Gyula Takátsy, at the Hungarian National Center of Epidemiology website (accessed 06/10/10)

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Comparison of mammalian and bacterial expression library screening to detect recombinant alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor variants with enhanced thrombin inhibitory capacity☆.

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Japanese Journal

Scale-down of vinegar production into microtiter plates using a custom-made lid(BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

Schleputz Tino,Buchs Jochen
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 117(4), 485-496, 2014-04
… Although vinegar production is established on the large scale, up to now suitable microscale cultivation methods, e.g. using microtiter plates, are missing to enable high-throughput cultivation and to optimize fermentation conditions. … In order to minimize evaporation losses of ethanol and acetic acid in a 48-well microtiter plate during vinegar production a new custom-made lid was developed. …
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Protection of Mice from Oral Candidiasis by Heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis, possibly through its Direct Binding to Candida albicans

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… strain TIMM1768 inhibited adherence of the latter to a microtiter plate in a dose dependent manner and Candida …
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Colorimetric Determination of Glucosamine and Glucose Based on the Formation of Blue Molybdosilicate Anion and Its Application to the Assay of Saccharifying Enzyme

KATANO Hajime,TAIRA Shu,UEMATSU Kohei,KIMOTO Hisashi
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