WordNet

move in loops; "The bicycle looped around the tree"
anything with a round or oval shape (formed by a curve that is closed and does not intersect itself)
a flight maneuver; aircraft flies a complete circle in the vertical plane (同)loop-the-loop
an intrauterine device in the shape of a loop
a computer program that performs a series of instructions repeatedly until some specified condition is satisfied
an inner circle of advisors (especially under President Reagan); "hes no longer in the loop"
the basic pattern of the human fingerprint
make a loop in; "loop a rope" (同)intertwine
fasten or join with a loop; "He looped the watch through his belt"
fly loops, perform a loop; "the stunt pilot looped his plane"
any of the main branches arising from the trunk or a bough of a tree (同)tree branch
either of the two halves of a bow from handle to tip; "the upper limb of the bow"
the graduated arc that is attached to an instrument for measuring angles; "the limb of the sextant"
(astronomy) the circumferential edge of the apparent disc of the sun or the moon or a planet
one of the jointed appendages of an animal used for locomotion or grasping: arm; leg; wing; flipper
of or relating to or forming a limbus

PrepTutorEJDIC

(糸・ひも・針金などで作った)『輪』・輪状のもの;(輪状の)湾曲部・(宙返り飛行・スケートなどで描く)輪・ループ (ある条件が成立するまで繰り返し実行される，プログラム中に記述された一連の命令のこと)・仲間、影響｝を受け合う間柄・同列の立場・「keep誰々in the loop」として、「keep誰々informed：情報を（人）に絶えず提供し続ける、報告を（人）に欠かさない、（人）に逐次連絡する、（人）に常に通知する」・避妊リング; (鉄道・電線などの)環状線(loop line)・…‘を'輪にする,輪で囲む・…‘を'輪で結ぶ,輪で締める《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》・輪になる,輪を描く
(動物の)『手足』;(鳥の)翼 / (木の)大枝
見よ,そら
便所

UpToDate Contents

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1. ループ利尿剤：最大有効量および主な副作用 loop diuretics maximum effective dose and major side effects
2. 成人における難治性浮腫の治療 treatment of refractory edema in adults
3. 腎でのマグネシウム処理における利尿剤の有効性 effect of diuretics on magnesium handling by the kidney
4. 利尿剤とカルシウムバランス diuretics and calcium balance
5. 造血細胞移植レシピエントにおけるヒトヘルペスウイルス6感染 human herpesvirus 6 infection in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients

English Journal

Reduced functional connectivity within the limbic cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop in unmedicated adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Posner J1, Marsh R, Maia TV, Peterson BS, Gruber A, Simpson HB.Author information 1Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Institute for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Lisbon, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.AbstractCortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops project from the cortex to the striatum, then from the striatum to the thalamus via the globus pallidus, and finally from the thalamus back to the cortex again. These loops have been implicated in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) with particular focus on the limbic CSTC loop, which encompasses the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, as well as the ventral striatum. Resting state functional-connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) studies, which examine temporal correlations in neural activity across brain regions at rest, have examined CSTC loop connectivity in patients with OCD and suggest hyperconnectivity within these loops in medicated adults with OCD. We used rs-fcMRI to examine functional connectivity within CSTC loops in unmedicated adults with OCD (n = 23) versus healthy controls (HCs) (n = 20). Contrary to prior rs-fcMRI studies in OCD patients on medications that report hyperconnectivity in the limbic CSTC loop, we found that compared with HCs, unmedicated OCD participants had reduced connectivity within the limbic CSTC loop. Exploratory analyses revealed that reduced connectivity within the limbic CSTC loop correlated with OCD symptom severity in the OCD group. Our finding of limbic loop hypoconnectivity in unmedicted OCD patients highlights the potential confounding effects of antidepressants on connectivity measures and the value of future examinations of the effects of pharmacological and/or behavioral treatments on limbic CSTC loop connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2852-2860, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human brain mapping.Hum Brain Mapp.2014 Jun;35(6):2852-60. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22371. Epub 2013 Sep 30.
Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops project from the cortex to the striatum, then from the striatum to the thalamus via the globus pallidus, and finally from the thalamus back to the cortex again. These loops have been implicated in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) with particular focus
PMID 24123377

Pre-frontal control of closed-loop limbic neurostimulation by rodents using a brain-computer interface.

Widge AS1, Moritz CT.Author information 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.AbstractObjective. There is great interest in closed-loop neurostimulators that sense and respond to a patient's brain state. Such systems may have value for neurological and psychiatric illnesses where symptoms have high intraday variability. Animal models of closed-loop stimulators would aid preclinical testing. We therefore sought to demonstrate that rodents can directly control a closed-loop limbic neurostimulator via a brain-computer interface (BCI). Approach. We trained rats to use an auditory BCI controlled by single units in prefrontal cortex (PFC). The BCI controlled electrical stimulation in the medial forebrain bundle, a limbic structure involved in reward-seeking. Rigorous offline analyses were performed to confirm volitional control of the neurostimulator. Main results. All animals successfully learned to use the BCI and neurostimulator, with closed-loop control of this challenging task demonstrated at 80% of PFC recording locations. Analysis across sessions and animals confirmed statistically robust BCI control and specific, rapid modulation of PFC activity. Significance. Our results provide a preliminary demonstration of a method for emotion-regulating closed-loop neurostimulation. They further suggest that activity in PFC can be used to control a BCI without pre-training on a predicate task. This offers the potential for BCI-based treatments in refractory neurological and mental illness.
Journal of neural engineering.J Neural Eng.2014 Apr;11(2):024001. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/11/2/024001. Epub 2014 Mar 10.
Objective. There is great interest in closed-loop neurostimulators that sense and respond to a patient's brain state. Such systems may have value for neurological and psychiatric illnesses where symptoms have high intraday variability. Animal models of closed-loop stimulators would aid preclinical t
PMID 24608127

Different patterns of local field potentials from limbic DBS targets in patients with major depressive and obsessive compulsive disorder.

Neumann WJ1, Huebl J1, Brücke C1, Gabriëls L2, Bajbouj M3, Merkl A4, Schneider GH5, Nuttin B6, Brown P7, Kühn AA8.Author information 1Department of Neurology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.2Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.3Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.41] Department of Neurology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany [2] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.5Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.6Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.7Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, and National Institute of Health Related Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.81] Department of Neurology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany [2] Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany [3] NeuroCure, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.AbstractThe role of distinct limbic areas in emotion regulation has been largely inferred from neuroimaging studies. Recently, the opportunity for intracranial recordings from limbic areas has arisen in patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) for neuropsychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Here we test the hypothesis that distinct temporal patterns of local field potential (LFP) activity in the human limbic system reflect disease state and symptom severity in MDD and OCD patients. To this end, we recorded LFPs via implanted DBS electrodes from the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST area) in 12 patients (5 OCD, 7 MDD) and from the subgenual cingulate cortex in 7 MDD patients (CG25 area). We found a distinct pattern of oscillatory activity with significantly higher α-power in MDD compared with OCD in the BNST area (broad α-band 8-14 Hz; P<0.01) and a similar level of α-activity in the CG25 area as in the BNST area in MDD patients. The mean α-power correlated with severity of depressive symptoms as assessed by the Beck depression inventory in MDD (n=14, r=0.55, P=0.042) but not with severity of obsessive compulsive symptoms in OCD. Here we show larger α-band activity in MDD patients compared with OCD recorded from intracranial DBS targets. Our results suggest that α-activity in the limbic system may be a signature of symptom severity in MDD and may serve as a potential state biomarker for closed loop DBS in MDD.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 11 February 2014; doi:10.1038/mp.2014.2.
Molecular psychiatry.Mol Psychiatry.2014 Feb 11. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.2. [Epub ahead of print]
The role of distinct limbic areas in emotion regulation has been largely inferred from neuroimaging studies. Recently, the opportunity for intracranial recordings from limbic areas has arisen in patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) for neuropsychiatric disorders including major depressiv
PMID 24514569

Japanese Journal

Sensory input and basal ganglia

宇川義一
臨床神経学 52(11), 862-865, 2012
… This indicates that sensory system may modulate four closed loops between the cortices and BG (motor loop, oculomotor loop, prefrontal loop and limbic loop) as an open loop system. … Some sensory cognition abnormalities due to abnormal modulation of the prefrontal- BG loop may be considered as sensory symptoms. …
NAID 130004505187

Emotions before Intention : Source Generators in the Limbic Area before Bereitschafts Potential

INOUE Manabu,MASAOKA Yuri,ONAKA Youhei,SHIMIZU Yuuki,KAWAMURA Mitsuru,HOMMA Ikuo
The Showa University Journal of Medical Sciences 20(3), 131-138, 2008
… Since the hippocampus and amygdala are associated with the limbic cycles, our findings suggest that both the hippocampus and amygdala are required for the function of the cortico-basal ganglionic thalamocortical loop. …
NAID 130004190239

脳磁気測定による視聴覚情報受容過程の検討

西村千秋
バイオフィードバック研究 27, 37-43, 2000-03-31
バイオフィードバックにおける学習過程の生理学的解明につながる第一歩として, 感覚入力の認知過程を全頭型脳磁気測定装置によって測定した.被験者にはそれぞれ2種類の可能性をもつ視覚および聴覚刺激が同時に呈示され, そのうちある特定の組合せ(標的刺激)に対して出現回数を声を出さずに数えるよう指示された.標的刺激に対して検出された誘発脳磁界は等価電流ダイポール推定法により解析された.ダイポール位置は予め測 …
NAID 110003162837