light

WordNet

transport in a flatbottom boat
a device for lighting or igniting fuel or charges or fires; "do you have a light?" (同)light, igniter, ignitor
(when gas was used for streetlights) a person who lights and extinguishes streetlights
(a piece of) a substance that burns easily and can be used to start a coal or coke fire
a person who holds a second job (usually after hours)
someone who operates a barge (同)bargeman, bargee
aircraft supported by its own buoyancy
very thin and insubstantial; "thin paper"; "light summer dresses"
make lighter or brighter; "This lamp lightens the room a bit" (同)illume, illumine, light_up, illuminate
a condition of spiritual awareness; divine illumination; "follow Gods light" (同)illumination
having abundant light or illumination; "they played as long as it was light"; "as long as the lighting was good" (同)lighting
(physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation; "the light was filtered through a soft glass window" (同)visible_light, visible_radiation
any device serving as a source of illumination; "he stopped the car and turned off the lights" (同)light_source
the visual effect of illumination on objects or scenes as created in pictures; "he could paint the lightest light and the darkest dark" (同)lightness
a particular perspective or aspect of a situation; "although he saw it in a different light, he still did not understand"
a person regarded very fondly; "the light of my life"
a visual warning signal; "they saw the light of the beacon"; "there was a light at every corner"
an illuminated area; "he stepped into the light"
mental understanding as an enlightening experience; "he finally saw the light"; "can you shed light on this problem?"
public awareness; "it brought the scandal to light"
(used of color) having a relatively small amount of coloring agent; "light blue"; "light colors such as pastels"; "a light-colored powder" (同)light-colored
moving easily and quickly; nimble; "the dancer was light and graceful"; "a lightsome buoyant step"; "walked with a light tripping step" (同)lightsome, tripping
having relatively few calories; "diet cola"; "light (or lite) beer"; "lite (or light) mayonnaise"; "a low-cal diet" (同)lite, low-cal, calorie-free
less than the correct or legal or full amount often deliberately so; "a light pound"; "a scant cup of sugar"; "regularly gives short weight" (同)scant, short
(of sleep) easily disturbed; "in a light doze"; "a light sleeper"; "a restless wakeful night" (同)wakeful
(physics, chemistry) not having atomic weight greater than average; "light water is ordinary water"
(used of soil) loose and large-grained in consistency; "light soil"
characterized by or emitting light; "a room that is light when the shutters are open"; "the inside of the house was airy and light"
demanding little effort; not burdensome; "light housework"; "light exercise"
designed for ease of movement or to carry little weight; "light aircraft"; "a light truck"
easily assimilated in the alimentary canal; not rich or heavily seasoned; "a light diet"
having little importance; "losing his job was no light matter"
intended primarily as entertainment; not serious or profound; "light verse"; "a light comedy"
not great in degree or quantity or number; "a light sentence"; "a light accent"; "casualties were light"; "light snow was falling"; "light misty rain"; "light smoke from the chimney"
of comparatively little physical weight or density; "a light load"; "magnesium is a light metal--having a specific gravity of 1.74 at 20 degrees C"
of little intensity or power or force; "the light touch of her fingers"; "a light breeze"
of the military or industry; using (or being) relatively small or light arms or equipment; "light infantry"; "light cavalry"; "light industry"; "light weapons"
psychologically light; especially free from sadness or troubles; "a light heart"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(また『cigarette lighter』)(たばこの)ライター / (一般に)点火器 / 火(明かり)をつける人
はしけ / …‘を'はしけで運ぶ
(街灯の)点灯夫;点灯用具
(炉などの)たきつけ
夜中までかけもちの仕事をする人
〈U〉『光,光線』;明るさ / 〈U〉夜明け;日中;日光 / 〈C〉『明かり』(太陽・灯火など光を出すもの) / 〈U〉《時にa~》光輝(brightness),(目などの)輝き / 〈C〉(点火するための)火,火花 / 〈C〉明かり採り,採光窓 / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(絵などの)明るい部分 / 〈U〉(…についての)知識,情報,理解《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ものを見る)観点,見地;相 / 〈C〉この世に光を与える人;指導的な人物 / …‘に'『火をつける』《+『up』+『名』+『名』+『up』》 / …‘に'『明かりをつける』,‘を'照らす《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 〈人〉‘を'明かりをつけて案内する / 〈表情など〉‘を'明るくする《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 〈物が〉火がつく,点火する;明かりがつく《+『up』》 / 明るくなる,晴れ晴れする《+『up』》 / 『明るい』 / (色が)『薄い』
(重量が)『軽い』 / (いろいろな事について,その程座・量が)軽い,小さい / 『軽快な』 / 軽装の / 肩のこらない;気軽な / 手軽な,骨の折れなし / (食べ物が)消化のよい,もたれない / ふらふらする,目まいのする / アルコール分の少ない / (パンなどが)ふんわりした / (重量が)軽く / (程度が)軽く,容易に;軽装で
(車・馬などから)降りる《+『from』+『名』》(alight) / (木などに)〈鳥などが〉止まる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / (…に)〈打撃・運などが〉突然ふりかかる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/21 17:55:39」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Lighter (disambiguation).

A generic, disposable lighter.

Ignition of a disposable lighter.

A classic Zippo

Permanent match and lanyard

A storm-proof piezo-ignited Silva lighter/rope burner

Lighters out at a 1988 concert

A lighter is a portable device used to generate a flame. It consists of a metal or plastic container filled with a flammable fluid or pressurized liquid gas, a means of ignition, and some provision for extinguishing the flame.

History[edit]

The first lighters were converted flintlock pistols that used gunpowder. One of the first lighters was invented by the German chemist named Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1823 and was often called Döbereiner's lamp.^[1] This lighter worked by passing flammable hydrogen gas, produced within the lighter by a chemical reaction, over a platinum metal catalyst which in turn caused it to ignite and give off a great amount of heat and light. The device was very large and highly dangerous and fell out of production by the end of the 19th century.^[1]

The patenting of ferrocerium (often misidentified as flint) by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1903 has made modern lighters possible. When scratched, it produces a large spark which is responsible for lighting the fuel of many lighters, and is suitably inexpensive for use in disposable items.

Using Carl Auer von Welsbach's flint, companies like Ronson were able to develop practical and easy to use lighters. In 1910 Ronson released the first Pist-O-Liter and in 1913 the company developed its first lighter, called the "Wonderlite", which was a permanent match style of lighter.^[2]

The Zippo lighter and company were invented and founded by George G. Blaisdell in 1932. The Zippo was noted for its reliability, "Life Time Warranty" and marketing as "Wind-Proof".^[3] Most early Zippos used naphtha as a fuel source.

In the 1950s there was a switch in fuel choice from naphtha to butane, as butane allows for a controllable flame and has less odour.^[4] This also led to the use of piezoelectric spark, which replaced the need for a flint wheel in some lighters and was used in many Ronson lighters.

In modern times most of the world's lighters are produced in China and Thailand,^[5] with Baide International^[6] being the world's largest producer and exporter of lighters.

Operation[edit]

Naphtha (very similar to gasoline) based lighters employ a saturated cloth wick and fibre packing to absorb the fluid and prevent it from leaking. They employ an enclosed top to prevent the volatile liquid from evaporating, and to conveniently extinguish the flame. Butane lighters have a valved orifice that meters the butane gas as it escapes.^[7]

Schematic diagram of a lighter's inside workings

A spark is created by striking metal against a flint, or by pressing a button that compresses a piezoelectric crystal (piezo ignition), generating an electric arc. In naphtha lighters, the liquid is sufficiently volatile, and flammable vapour is present as soon as the top of the lighter is opened. Butane lighters combine the striking action with the opening of the valve to release gas. The spark ignites the flammable gas causing a flame to come out of the lighter which continues until either the top is closed (naphtha type), or the valve is released (butane type).^{[citation needed]}

A metal enclosure with air holes generally surrounds the flame, and is designed to allow mixing of fuel and air while making the lighter less sensitive to wind. The high energy jet in butane lighters allows mixing to be accomplished by using Bernoulli's principle, so that the air hole(s) in this type tend to be much smaller and farther from the flame.^{[citation needed]}

Specialized "windproof" butane lighters are manufactured for demanding conditions such as shipboard, high altitude, and wet climates. Some dedicated models double as synthetic rope cutters. Such lighters are often far hotter than normal lighters (those that use a "soft flame") and can burn in excess of 1100 °C. Contrary to common misconception, the windproof capabilities are not achieved from "higher pressure" fuel. Windproof lighters use the same fuel (butane) as standard lighters, and therefore develop the same vapour pressure. The difference is that windproof lighters mix the fuel with air, and pass the butane/air mixture through a catalytic coil. An electric spark starts the initial flame, and soon after the coil is hot enough to sustain a catalytic reaction and cause the fuel/air mixture to burn on contact. In essence, the flame is constantly reignited by the coil.^{[citation needed]}

Other types[edit]

Permanent match[edit]

A typical form of lighter is the everlasting match, consisting of a naphtha fuel-filled metal shell and a separate threaded metal rod assembly —the "match"— serving as the striker and wick. This "metal match" is stored screwed into the fuel storage compartment, the shell. (see photo)

The fuel-saturated striker/wick assembly is unscrewed to remove, and scratched against a flint on the side of the case to create a spark. Its concealed wick catches fire, resembling a match. The flame is extinguished by screwing the "match" back into the shell, where it absorbs fuel for the next use. An advantage over other naphtha lighters is that the fuel compartment is sealed shut with a rubber o-ring, which slows or stops fuel evaporation.^{[citation needed]}

Flameless lighter[edit]

A flameless lighter is a safe alternative to traditional lighters. The flameless lighter uses an enclosed heating element which glows, so that the device does not produce an open flame. Typical flameless heating elements are an electrically heated wire or an artificial coal.^{[citation needed]}

Flameless lighters are designed for use in any environment where an open flame, conventional lighters or matches are not permitted. The flameless lighter is used in many environments such as prisons and detention facilities, oil and gas facilities, mental health facilities, nursing homes, airports and night clubs/restaurants.^{[citation needed]}

Many advertised so-called flameless lighters are not flameless at all, but the flame is invisible (such as a windproof lighter). If a piece of paper can easily be ignited, it is probably not a true flameless lighter and certainly not safe in hazardous environments where smoking is confined to specific safe areas.

The flameless lighter was invented by brothers Douglas Hammond and David Hammond in the UK in 1966 under the "Ciglow" name.^{[citation needed]}

Catalytic lighter[edit]

Catalytic lighters use methanol or methylated spirits as fuel and a thin platinum wire which heats up in the presence of flammable vapours and produces a flame.^[8]

Automobile lighter[edit]

Some vehicles are equipped with an electric lighter located on the dashboard or in the well between the front seats. Its electric heating element becomes hot in seconds upon activation. The car lighter was claimed to have been invented by Alexander Kucala, a tavern owner and inventor, on the south side of Chicago in the early 1920s called the AL Lighter.^{[citation needed]}

Safety[edit]

Two technical standards relate to the safety of lighters: the International Standard EN ISO 9994:2002^[9] and the European standard EN 13869:2002.^[10]

The International Standard establishes non-functional specifications on quality, reliability and safety of lighters and appropriate test procedures. For instance, a lighter should generate flame only through positive action on the part of the user, two or more independent actions by the user, or an actuating force greater than or equal to 15 N. The standard also specifies other safety features, such as the lighter's maximum flame height and its resistance to elevated temperatures, dropping, and damages from continuous burning. However, the standard does not include child resistance specifications.

The European standard EN 13869:2002^[10] establishes child-resistance specifications and defines as novelty lighters those that resemble another object commonly recognized as appealing to children younger than 51 months, or those that have entertaining audio or animated effects.

As matches, lighters, and other heat sources are the leading causes of fire deaths for children,^[11] many jurisdictions, such as the EU,^[12] have prohibited the marketing of novelty or non-child resistant lighters. Examples of child resistance features, include the use of a smooth or shielded spark wheel. Many people remove the child proofing from lighters by prying off the metal with scissors or keys, making the lighter easier to ignite.

In 2005 the fourth edition of the ISO standard was released (ISO9994:2005). The main change to the 2004 Standard is the inclusion of specifications on safety symbols.

"Greatest gadget"[edit]

In August 2011 Stephen Fry chose the lighter as the greatest gadget in his Channel 4 programme Stephen Fry's 100 Greatest Gadgets, one of the 100 Greatest strand, describing it as "fire with a flick of the fingers".^[13]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Roald Hoffmann. "Roald Hoffmann, "Döbereiner's Feuerzeug", American Scientist, 86, no. 4 (August 1998)". American scientist.org. doi:10.1511/1998.4.326. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
^ "Dutch Ronson Collector's Club, "History of the Ronson Lighter"". Finepipes.com. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
^ "The Early History of Zippo: The Birth of the Zippo Lighter". Lightermall.com. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
^ "Jason Virga, "History of Lighters", Bug Stores Lighters". Bugstores.com. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
^ United States International Trade Commission, "Disposable Lighters from the People's Republic of China and Thailand", Bug Stores Lighters. Google Books.
^ "Baide Lighters".
^ "Define lighters | Dictionary and Thesaurus". Lighters.askdefine.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
^ Frank Dutton - http://www.toledo-bend.com/fd/. "Catalytic Lighters". Toledo-bend.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
^ ISO, ed. (2005). "Safety specification". Lighters (Geneva: ISO). p. 32. ISO 9994:2005(E) ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b The European Committee for Standardization, ed. (2002). "Child-resistance for lighters — Safety requirements and test methods". Lighters (Brussels: CEN). EN 13869:2002
^ US Fire Administration (2008-03-12). "Match and Lighter Safety". FEMA.
^ European Commission (2006). "2006/502/EC: Commission Decision of 11 May 2006 requiring Member States to take measures to ensure that only lighters which are child-resistant are placed on the market and to prohibit the placing on the market of novelty lighters". pp. 41–45. OJ L 198, 20.7.2006
^ "Stephen Fry's 100 Greatest Gadgets: The list". Channel 4. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^{[dead link]}

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lighter.

The dictionary definition of lighter at Wiktionary

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Related Pictures

Lighter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Multi-Purpose BBQ Lighter - Arrow Lighter The Daily Apple: Apple #405: Disposable RiFF RAFF – Marc Jacobs Lyrics | Genius Figure 2: The Bic Lighter Zippo - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre because they burn out, unlike like lighter clear_lighter