wakeful

WordNet

a temporary state in which you are unable (or unwilling) to sleep; "accept your wakefulness and sleep in its own contrary way is more likely to come" (同)sleeplessness
a periodic state during which you are conscious and aware of the world; "consciousness during wakefulness in a sane person is pretty well ordered and familiar"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人が)眠れない,目を覚ましている / (夜など)眠っていられない / 用心深い

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/06/10 18:05:24」(JST)

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"Awake" redirects here. For other uses, see Awake (disambiguation).

"Wakeful" redirects here. For other uses, see Wakeful (disambiguation).

Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavior responses to the external world such as communication, ambulation, nutritional ingestion and procreation. Being awake is the opposite of the state of being asleep in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.

Effects upon the brain

The longer the brain has been awake, the greater thing^{[clarification needed]} the spontaneous firing rates of cerebral cortex neurons with this increase being reversed by sleep.^[1] Another effect of wakefulness (which may or may not be related to this) is that it lowers the small stores of glycogen held in the astrocytes that can supply energy to the brain's neurons—one of the functions of sleep it has been proposed is to create the opportunity for them to be replenished.^[2]

Maintenance by the brain

The posterior hypothalamus plays a key role in the maintenance of the cortical activation that underlies wakefulness. Several systems originating in this part of the brain control the shift from wakefulness into sleep and sleep into wakefulness. Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus and nearby adjacent posterior hypothalamus project to the entire brain and are the most wake-selective system so far identified in the brain.^[3] Another key system is that provided by the orexins (also known as hypocretins) projecting neurons. These exist in areas adjacent to histamine neurons and like them project widely to most brain areas and associate with arousal.^[4] Orexin deficiency has been identified as responsible for narcolepsy.^[5]

Research suggests that orexin and histamine neurons play distinct, but complementary roles in controlling wakefulness with orexin being more involved with wakeful behavior and histamine cognition and activation of cortical EEG.^[6]

It has been suggested the fetus is not awake with wakeness occurring in the newborn due to the stress of being born and the associated activation of the locus coeruleus.^[7]

As a state of awareness

Wakefulness is described by the American physician and meditation teacher Jon Kabat-Zinn as a state of mindful awareness or mindfulness. By being fully awake in the present moment, Kabat-Zinn suggests that we can live more fully and with greater awareness and intent, which has the potential to give us an improved sense of peace, contentment and well-being. For lying down meditation practices (as opposed to sitting or walking meditation practices), Kabat-Zinn suggests that it may be helpful to begin by first splashing cold water on your face so that you are less likely to fall asleep. Instead, Kabat-Zinn describes the benefit of meditation as "falling awake." By being able to "fall awake," we learn to be more aware in the present moment no matter what else is happening.

Awakefulness has a special meaning within oriental schools of thought and associated esoteric teachings. These include the idea of antroposophy in which four modes of awareness are distinguished: wakefulness (conferring with dhyana), dream (conferring with dharani), sleep (conferring with pratyahara) and moment of death or absorption of spirit (conferring with samādhi). Each of these modes of awareness (citta) may be exercised (i.e. Yoga) in order to enhance wisdom (prajna) and enlightenment (buddhi). In Yoga these four modes of awareness, mental energies, are united with corresponding life forces (pranas.) The mental states of wakefulness, Dhyanas, are corresponding to the Asanas, the commonsensical understanding of Yoga exercises, but specifically refers to the corporeal conduct or seat of the wakefulness.

References

^ Vyazovskiy, VV; Olcese, U; Lazimy, YM; Faraguna, U; Esser, SK; Williams, JC; Cirelli, C; Tononi, G (2009). "Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis". Neuron 63 (6): 865–78. DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.024. PMC 2819325. PMID 19778514. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2819325.
^ Benington, JH; Heller, HC (1995). "Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep". Progress in neurobiology 45 (4): 347–60. DOI:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-O. PMID 7624482.
^ Takahashi, K; Lin, JS; Sakai, K (2006). "Neuronal activity of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons during wake-sleep states in the mouse". Journal of Neuroscience 26 (40): 10292–8. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2341-06.2006. PMID 17021184.
^ Sakurai, T (2007). "The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness". Nature reviews. Neuroscience 8 (3): 171–81. DOI:10.1038/nrn2092. PMID 17299454.
^ Chemelli, RM; Willie, JT; Sinton, CM; Elmquist, JK; Scammell, T; Lee, C; Richardson, JA; Williams, SC et al. (1999). "Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation". Cell 98 (4): 437–51. DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81973-X. PMID 10481909.
^ Anaclet, C.; Parmentier, R.; Ouk, K.; Guidon, G.; Buda, C.; Sastre, J.-P.; Akaoka, H.; Sergeeva, O. A. et al. (2009). "Orexin/Hypocretin and Histamine: Distinct Roles in the Control of Wakefulness Demonstrated Using Knock-Out Mouse Models". Journal of Neuroscience 29 (46): 14423–14438. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2604-09.2009. PMC 2802289. PMID 19923277. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2802289.
^ Lagercrantz, H (2009). "The birth of consciousness". Early human development 85 (10 Suppl): S57–8. DOI:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.017. PMID 19762170.

External links

Look up wakefulness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Sleep, dreams and wakefulness
Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams
The Consequences of Excessive Wakefulness
It's Wake-Up Time

UpToDate Contents

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1. 眠気の定量化 quantifying sleepiness
2. 居眠り運転：リスク、評価およびマネージメント drowsy driving risks evaluation and management
3. 小児における先天性中枢性低換気症候群および睡眠関連低換気症のその他の原因 congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and other causes of sleep related hypoventilation in children
4. 成人におけるノンレム睡眠からの覚醒障害 disorders of arousal from non rapid eye movement sleep in adults
5. 中枢型睡眠無呼吸症候群を有する成人患者における陽圧呼吸調整法のモード選択 mode selection for positive airway pressure titration in adult patients with central sleep apnea syndromes

English Journal

Rest boosts the long-term retention of spatial associative and temporal order information.

Craig M1,2, Dewar M1,2,3, Della Sala S1,2, Wolbers T4.
Hippocampus.Hippocampus.2015 Sep;25(9):1017-27. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22424. Epub 2015 Mar 17.
People retain more new verbal episodic information for at least 7 days if they rest for a few minutes after learning than if they attend to new information. It is hypothesized that rest allows for superior consolidation of new memories. In rodents, rest periods promote hippocampal replay of a recent
PMID 25620400

Wakeful rest promotes the integration of spatial memories into accurate cognitive maps.

Craig M1,2, Dewar M1,2,3, Harris MA2, Della Sala S1,2, Wolbers T4,5.
Hippocampus.Hippocampus.2015 Aug 1. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22502. [Epub ahead of print]
Flexible spatial navigation, e.g. the ability to take novel shortcuts, is contingent upon accurate mental representations of environments - cognitive maps. These cognitive maps critically depend on hippocampal place cells. In rodents, place cells replay recently travelled routes, especially during p
PMID 26235141

Differential effects of duration of sleep fragmentation on spatial learning and synaptic plasticity in pubertal mice.

Wallace E1, Kim do Y2, Kim KM2, Chen S2, Blair Braden B3, Williams J1, Jasso K1, Garcia A4, Rho JM5, Bimonte-Nelson H3, Maganti R6.
Brain research.Brain Res.2015 Jul 30;1615:116-28. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.037. Epub 2015 May 7.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the differential effects of acute and chronic sleep fragmentation (SF) on spatial learning and memory, and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in pubertal mice.METHODS: Two studies were performed during which adolescent C57/Bl6 mice were subjected to acute-SF 24h a d
PMID 25957790

Japanese Journal

Decreased electrophysiological activity represents the conscious state of emptiness in meditation

Hinterberger Thilo,Schmidt Stephanie,Kamei Tsutomu,Walach Harald
Frontiers in Psychology 5(FEB), 99, 2014-02-17
… The tasks comprised a wakeful "thoughtless emptiness (TE)," a "focused attention," and an "open monitoring" task asking for mindful presence in the moment and in the environment without attachment to distracting thoughts. … 0.05) waves than a wakeful closed eyes resting condition. …
NAID 120005438936

眠れぬまま、二人は横たわる : Robert Gravesの'Counting the Beats' に見る戦争と女神の主題

田村斉敏
言語文化論叢 18, 85-107, 2013
NAID 40019656860

車両運動力学に基づく，車線維持機能の瞬間的な低下の検出法の基礎研究（逆ドライバモデルによる決定論的アプローチ）

酒井英樹
日本機械学会論文集 C編 79(807), 4298-4310, 2013
… This paper next shows a method to estimate the expected vehicle's lateral deviation from the center of a lane while the driver is operating the vehicle in a wakeful state. … This paper further shows a method for judging whether or not a driver is operating within his wakeful state, by comparing the driver's expected vehicle lateral deviation to his/her actual lateral deviation. …
NAID 130003386486

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