lacrimal gland

涙腺

WordNet

1. relating to or located near the organ that produces tears (同)lachrymal
2. of or relating to tears (同)lachrymal
3. any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream (同)secretory organ, secretor, secreter

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. =lachrymal / 涙腺(るいせん)の近くにある
2. (生物体内の)腺(せん)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/05 20:56:00」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal apparatus of the right eye. The lacrimal gland is to the upper left. The right side of the picture is towards the nose.
Tear system. a = lacrimal gland b = superior lacrimal punctum c = superior lacrimal canal d = lacrimal sac e = inferior lacrimal punctum f = inferior lacrimal canal g = nasolacrimal canal
Latin	glandula lacrimalis
Gray's	p.1028
Artery	lacrimal artery
Nerve	lacrimal nerve, Zygomatic nerve via Communicating branch

The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis. The lacrimal gland produces tears which then flow into canals that lead to the lacrimal sac. From this sac, the tears drain through the lacrimal duct into the nose.

Anatomists divide the gland into two sections. The smaller palpebral portion lies close to the eye, along the inner surface of the eyelid; if the upper eyelid is everted, the palpebral portion can be seen.

The orbital portion contains fine interlobular ducts that unite to form 3–5 main excretory ducts, joining 5–7 ducts in the palpebral portion before the secreted fluid may enter on the surface of the eye. Tears secreted collect in the fornix conjunctiva of the upper lid, and pass over the eye surface to the lacrimal puncta, small holes found at the inner corner of the eyelids. These pass the tears through the lacrimal canaliculi on to the lacrimal sac, in turn to the nasolacrimal duct, which dumps them out into the nose.

Microanatomy

The lacrimal gland is a compound tubuloacinar gland, it is made up of many lobules separated by connective tissue, each lobule contains many acini. The acini contain only serous cells and produce a watery serous secretion.

Each acinus consists of a grape-like mass of lacrimal gland cells with their apices pointed to a central lumen.

The central lumen of many of the units converge to form intralobular ducts, and then unite to from interlobular ducts. The gland lacks striated ducts.

Innervation

The parasympathetic nerve supply originates from the lacrimal nucleus of the facial nerve in the pons. Just distal to the geniculate ganglion, the facial nerve gives off the greater petrosal nerve. This nerve carries the parasympathetic secretomotor fibers through the pterygoid canal, where it joins the deep petrosal nerve (containing postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal (vidian nerve). This nerve travels through the pterygoid canal to the pterygopalatine ganglion. Here the fibers synapse and postganglionic fibers join the fibers of the maxillary nerve, which travels through the inferior orbital fissure. Once it has traversed this opening, the parasympathetic secretomotor fibers branch off with the zygomatic nerve and then branch off again, joining with the lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic division of CN V, which supplies sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland along with the eyelid and conjunctiva.

The sympathetic postganglionic fibers originate from the superior cervical ganglion. They travel as a periarteriolar plexus with the middle meningeal artery, before they merge and form the deep petrosal nerve, which joins the greater petrosal nerve in the pterygoid canal. Together, greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerves form the nerve of the pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) and reach the pterygopalatine ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa. In contrast to their parasympathetic counterparts, sympathetic fibers do not synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion, having done so already in the sympathetic trunk. However, they continue to course with the parasympathetic fibers innervating the lacrimal gland.

Blood supply

The lacrimal artery, derived from the ophthalmic artery supplies the lacrimal gland. Venous blood returns via the superior ophthalmic vein.

Lymphatic drainage

The glands drain into the superficial parotid lymph nodes.

Nerve supply

The lacrimal nerve, derived from the ophthalmic nerve, supplies the sensory component of the lacrimal gland. The greater petrosal nerve, derived from the facial nerve, supplies the parasympathetic autonomic component of the lacrimal gland. The greater petrosal nerve travels alongside branches of the V1 and V2 divisions of the trigeminal nerve. This proximity of the greater petrosal nerve to branches of the trigeminal nerve explains the phenomenon of lesions to the trigeminal nerve causing impaired lacrimation although the trigeminal nerve does not supply the lacrimal gland.

Pathology

In contrast to normal moisture of the eyes or even crying, there can be persistent dryness, scratching, and burning in the eyes, which are signs of dry eye syndrome (DES) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). With this syndrome, the lacrimal glands produce less lacrimal fluid, which mainly occurs with aging or certain medications. A thin strip of filter paper placed at the edge of the eye, the Schirmer test, can determine the level of dryness of the eye. Many medications or diseases that cause dry eye syndrome can also cause hyposalivation with xerostomia. Treatment varies according to etiology and includes avoidance of exacerbating factors, tear stimulation and supplementation, increasing tear retention, eyelid cleansing, and treatment of eye inflammation.

In addition, the following can be associated with lacrimal gland pathology:

• Dacryoadenitis
• Sjögren's syndrome

Additional images

• The ophthalmic artery and its branches.

• Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.

• Sympathetic connections of the sphenopalatine and superior cervical ganglia.

• The tarsal glands, etc., seen from the inner surface of the eyelids.

• Alveoli of lacrimal gland.

• Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.

• Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.

• Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.

• Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.

• Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.

See also

• Lacrimal apparatus
• Preorbital gland
• Diseases of the lacrimal gland at http://www.academy.org.uk/lectures/barnard11.htm

References

External links

• Lacrimal+gland at eMedicine Dictionary
• lesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (orbit2)

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. シェーグレン症候群の臨床症状：外分泌腺障害 clinical manifestations of sjogrens syndrome exocrine gland disease
• 2. 小児における鼻涙管閉塞（涙管閉鎖症） nasolacrimal duct obstruction dacryostenosis in children
• 3. 持続性の流涙がみられる小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with persistent tearing
• 4. 唾石症 salivary gland stones
• 5. 結核と眼 tuberculosis and the eye

English Journal

• Childhood Sjögren syndrome: insights from adults and animal models.

• Lieberman SM.SourceDivision of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
• Current opinion in rheumatology.Curr Opin Rheumatol.2013 Sep;25(5):651-7. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e328363ed23.
• PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sjögren syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting lacrimal and salivary glands that often is accompanied by extraglandular disease manifestations. Although common in adults, the prevalence and prognosis of childhood Sjögren syndrome are unknown, in part due to lack of c
• PMID 23917159

• High-spatial-resolution isotropic three-dimensional fast-recovery fast spin-echo magnetic resonance dacryocystography combined with topical administration of sterile saline solution.

• Jing Z, Lang C, Qiu-Xia W, Rong L, Xin L, Wen-Zhen Z, Li-Ming X, Jian-Pin Q, He W.SourceDepartment of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China. Electronic address: hbtjzj@yahoo.com.cn.
• European journal of radiology.Eur J Radiol.2013 Sep;82(9):1546-51. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.04.013. Epub 2013 May 29.
• OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the clinical performance of three-dimensional (3D) fast-recovery fast spin-echo (FRFSE) magnetic resonance dacryocystography (MRD) with topical administration of sterile saline solution for the assessment of the lacrimal drainage system (LDS).METHODS: A tota
• PMID 23726473

• MicroRNA Profiling in Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma: A Role for MYC and NFKB1 Mediated Dysregulation of MicroRNA Expression in Aggressive Disease.

• Hother C, Rasmussen PK, Joshi T, Reker D, Ralfkiær U, Workman CT, Heegaard S, Ralfkiær E, Grønbæk K.SourceDepartment of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
• Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2013 Aug 5;54(8):5169-75. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-12272.
• PURPOSE: Ocular adnexal lymphoma (i.e., lymphoma with involvement of the orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, and lacrimal sac), although rare, is common among malignant tumors involving the ocular adnexal region. The main subtypes are low-grade extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (EMZL) and a
• PMID 23821202

Japanese Journal

• 眼窩原発の粘表皮癌の1例

• 中村 聡,宇野 仁揮,大黒 浩,大塚 紀幸
• あたらしい眼科 = Journal of the eye 29(9), 1294-1297, 2012-09-30
• NAID 10031120840

• 眼窩原発の粘表皮癌の1例

• 中村 聡,宇野 仁揮,大黒 浩 [他]
• あたらしい眼科 29(9), 1294-1297, 2012-09-00
• NAID 40019441789

• 涙腺再生 (眼疾患の再生治療)

• 川北 哲也
• 医学のあゆみ 241(10), 771-775, 2012-06-09
• NAID 40019283340

Related Links

• Lacrimal gland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone.

• Lacrimal Gland Tumor | Cancer.Net

The lacrimal glands are the glands that secrete tears and are located above and to the side of the eye. When lacrimal gland cells become abnormal and multiply, they form a growth of tissue called a tumor. A lacrimal gland tumor can be benign ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「涙腺」「Johann Christian Rosenmüller」「Johann Christian Rosenmuller」
関連記事	「lacrimal」

「涙腺」

　　[★]

英

lacrimal gland (N)

ラ

glandula lacrimalis

関

眼窩、涙器

• 図：N.78(解剖), 116,117 (涙腺を支配する神経の走行)
• 涙腺　→　涙腺排出管　→　眼球　→ 結膜半月ヒダ　→　涙丘　→　涙点　→　涙小管　→　涙嚢　→　鼻涙管

支配神経

• 翼口神経節からの副交感神経と交感神経幹からの交感神経は、いったん上顎神経と合流しすぐに頬骨神経の枝に乗り換え涙腺に達する (M.491 N.116より)

• 交感神経：上頚神経節
• 副交感神経：顔面神経

反射

• 流涙反射

• 三叉神経が関わる。

「Johann Christian Rosenmüller」

　　[★]

日

ヨハン-クリスチャン-ローゼンミュラー　？？

概念

参考1.より

• ドイツの解剖学者
• Rosenmüller's fossa: The lateral nasopharyngeal recess.　→　咽頭陥凹、ローゼンミュラー陥凹
• Rosenmüller's gland: The palpebral portion of the lacrimal gland.
• Rosenmüller's organ: Also known as the parovarium.

参考

• 1. wikipedia en

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Rosenm%C3%BCller

「Johann Christian Rosenmuller」

　　[★]

日

ヨハン-クリスチャン-ローゼンミュラー　？？

概念

参考1.より

• ドイツの解剖学者
• Rosenmuller's fossa: The lateral nasopharyngeal recess.　→　咽頭陥凹、ローゼンミュラー陥凹
• Rosenmuller's gland: The palpebral portion of the lacrimal gland.
• Rosenmuller's organ: Also known as the parovarium.

参考

• 1. wikipedia en

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Rosenm%C3%BCller

「lacrimal」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 流涙の、涙腺の

関

lacrimal gland、lacrimation