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pertaining to the space between two vertebrae

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=record / =disk

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/10 22:00:24」(JST)

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Intervertebral discs (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together.

Structure[edit]

Discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus, which surrounds the inner nucleus pulposus. The annulus fibrosus consists of several layers of fibrocartilage. The strong annular fibers contain the nucleus pulposus and distribute pressure evenly across the disc. The nucleus pulposus contains loose fibers suspended in a mucoprotein gel with the consistency of jelly. The nucleus of the disc acts as a shock absorber, absorbing the impact of the body's daily activities and keeping the two vertebrae separated. The disc can be likened to a jelly doughnut: whereby the annulus fibrosis is similar to the dough and the nucleus pulposus is the jelly. If one presses down on the front of the doughnut the jelly moves posteriorly or to the back. When one develops a prolapsed disc the jelly/nucleus pulposus is forced out of the doughnut/disc and may put pressure on the nerve located near the disc. This can give one the symptoms of sciatica.

Cervical vertebra with intervertebral disc

There is one disc between each pair of vertebrae, except for the first cervical segment, the atlas. The atlas is a ring around the roughly cone-shaped extension of the axis (second cervical segment). The axis acts as a post around which the atlas can rotate, allowing the neck to swivel. There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the neck (cervical region), 12 in the middle back (thoracic region), and 5 in the lower back (lumbar region). For example, the disc between the fifth and sixth cervical vertabrae is designated "C5-6".

Development[edit]

During development and at birth, vertebral discs have some vascular supply to the cartilage end plates and the annulus fibrosus. These quickly deteriorate leaving almost no direct blood supply in healthy adults.^[1]

Clinical significance[edit]

Main article: Intervertebral disc disorder

Degeneration[edit]

Before age 40 approximately 25% of people show evidence of disc degeneration at one or more levels. Beyond age 40, more than 60% of people show evidence of disc degeneration at one or more levels on a MRI.^[2]

One effect of aging and disc degeneration is the nucleus pulposus begins to dehydrate and the concentration of proteoglycans in the matrix decreases, thus limiting the ability of the disc to absorb shock. This general shrinking of disc size is partially responsible for the common decrease in height as humans age. The annulus fibrosus also becomes weaker with age and has an increased risk of tearing. In addition, the cartilage end plates begin thinning, fissures begin to form, and there is sclerosis of the subchondral bone.^[1]

Scoliosis[edit]

While this may not cause pain in some people, in others one or both of these may cause chronic pain. Other spinal disorders can affect the morphology of intervertebral discs. For example, patients with scoliosis commonly have calcium deposits (ectopic calcification) in the cartilage end plate and sometimes in the disc itself.^[3] Herniate discs are also found to have a higher degree of cellular senescence than non-herniated discs.^[1]

Intervertebral disc space[edit]

The intervertebral disc space is typically defined on an X-ray photograph as the space between adjacent vertebrae. In healthy patients, this corresponds to the size of the intervertebral disc. The size of the space can be altered in pathological conditions such as discitis (infection of the intervertebral disc).

Additional images[edit]

Artificial intervertebral disc
Posterior longitudinal ligament, in the thoracic region.
Median sagittal section through the occipital bone and first three cervical vertebrae.
Costovertebral articulations. Anterior view.
Lumbar and sacral plexus. Deep dissection. Anterior view
Lumbar and sacral plexus. Deep dissection. Anterior view

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Roberts S, Evans H, Trivedi J, Menage J (April 2006). "Histology and pathology of the human intervertebral disc". J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 (Suppl 2): 10–4. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00019. PMID 16595436.
^ "Intervertebral Disc Disorders". MDGuidelines. Reed Group. 1 December 2012.
^ Giachelli CM (March 1999). "Ectopic calcification: gathering hard facts about soft tissue mineralization". Am. J. Pathol. 154 (3): 671–5. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65313-8. PMC 1866412. PMID 10079244.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Intervertebral discs.

Intervertebral Discs
Spinal Disc Summary
Cross section at UV pembody/body12a

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English Journal

Effects of bound versus soluble pentosan polysulphate in PEG/HA-based hydrogels tailored for intervertebral disc regeneration.

Frith JE, Menzies DJ, Cameron AR, Ghosh P, Whitehead DL, Gronthos S, Zannettino AC, Cooper-White JJ.SourceAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Jan;35(4):1150-62. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.056. Epub 2013 Nov 8.
Previous reports in the literature investigating chondrogenesis in mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC) cultures have confirmed the chondro-inductive potential of pentosan polysulphate (PPS), a highly sulphated semi-synthetic polysaccharide, when added as a soluble component to culture media under stan
PMID 24215733

Creep bulging deformation of intervertebral disc under axial compression.

Pei BQ, Li H, Li DY, Fan YB, Wang C, Wu SQ.SourceSchool of biological Science & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
Bio-medical materials and engineering.Biomed Mater Eng.2014;24(1):191-8. doi: 10.3233/BME-130799.
The internal hydrostatic pressure (IHP) of the intervertebral disc is the functional and physiological basis of the spine. Disc bulging is a direct effect of increased IHP and can be used to evaluate the IHP without destroying the structure of the disc. Disc tissue engineering is a developing field
PMID 24211898

Japanese Journal

Combination of serum phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit and hyperintensity of intramedullary T2W on magnetic resonance imaging provides better prognostic value of canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation

MASHITA Tadahisa,KAMISHINA Hiroaki,NAKAMOTO Yuya [他]
The journal of veterinary medical science 77(4), 433-438, 2015-04
NAID 40020462987

Etiology and nature of intervertebral disc degeneration and its correlation with low back pain

Koyama Koji,Nakazato Koichi,Hiranuma Kenji
The journal of physical fitness and sports medicine : JPFSM : official journal of the Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 4(1), 63-72, 2015-03
NAID 40020412228