内科、内科学

WordNet

(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease (同)medication, medicament, medicinal drug
the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries; "he studied medicine at Harvard" (同)practice of medicine
the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques (同)medical_specialty
work as an intern; "The young doctor is interning at the Medical Center this year"
an advanced student or graduate in medicine gaining supervised practical experience (`houseman is a British term) (同)interne, houseman, medical intern
deprive of freedom; "During WW II, Japanese were interned in camps in the West"
happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface; "internal organs"; "internal mechanism of a toy"; "internal party maneuvering"
occurring within an institution or community; "intragroup squabbling within the corporation" (同)intragroup

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『医学』,医術;医[師]業 / 〈C〉〈U〉(外用薬以外の)『薬』[『剤』],内服薬 / 〈U〉(北米インディアンの間で行われる)病気(悪霊)を追い払うまじない
(特に戦時中)〈人・船など〉‘を'強制収容する,抑留する
『内側の』,内部にある / 『国内の』(domestic) / 内からとる,内用の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/14 00:22:19」(JST)

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Internal medicine or general medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists, or physicians (without a modifier) in Commonwealth nations. Internists are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. Internists care for hospitalized and ambulatory patients and may play a major role in teaching and research.

The term internal medicine originates from the German term Innere Medizin, popularized in Germany in the late 19th century to describe physicians who combined the science of the laboratory with the care of patients. Many early-20th-century American physicians studied medicine in Germany and brought this medical field to the United States. Thus, the name "internal medicine" was adopted in imitation of the existing German term.^[1] Because their patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Internists often have subspecialty interests in diseases affecting particular organs or organ systems.

Internal medicine is also a specialty within clinical pharmacy and veterinary medicine.

Terminology

Internists are qualified physicians with postgraduate training in internal medicine and should not be confused with "interns", who are doctors in their first year of residency training (officially the term intern is no longer in use).^[1]^[2] Although internists may act as primary care physicians, they are not "family physicians," "family practitioners," or "general practitioners," whose training is not solely concentrated on adults and may include surgery, obstetrics, and pediatrics. The American College of Physicians defines internists as "physicians who specialize in the prevention, detection and treatment of illnesses in adults".^[3]

Education and training of internists

Main article: Medical education

The training and career pathways for internists vary considerably across the world.

First, they must receive the "entry-level" education required of any medical practitioner in the relevant jurisdiction. The entry-level for medical education programs are tertiary-level courses, undertaken at a medical school attached to a university.

Programs that require previous undergraduate education are usually four or five years in length. Hence, gaining a basic medical education may typically take eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university. Following completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before the licensure, or registration, is granted, typically one or two years. This period may be referred to as "internship", "conditional registration", or "foundation programme". Then, doctors may finally follow specialty training in internal medicine if they wish, typically being selected to training programs through competition. In North America, this period of postgraduate training is referred to as residency training, followed by an optional fellowship if the internist decides to train in a subspecialty. In Commonwealth countries, during that training period in Internal Medicine, trainees are often called senior house officers, and advance to registrar grade when they undergo a compulsory subspecialty training whilst commonly continuing service provision in the main speciality.

Certification of specialists

In the United States, three organizations are responsible for certification of trained internists (i.e., doctors who have completed an accredited residency training program) in terms of their knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are essential for excellent patient care: the American Board of Internal Medicine, the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine and the Board of Certification in Internal Medicine.

Subspecialties of internal medicine

In the United States, two organizations are responsible for certification of subspecialists within the field: the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine. Physicians (not only internists) that successfully pass board exams get "board certified" status, and, as of 2011, earn on average a 88.8% higher salary in the USA.^[4]^[5]

American Board of Internal Medicine

The following are the subspecialties recognized by the American Board of Internal Medicine.^[6]

Adolescent medicine
Cardiology, dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels
Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
Critical care medicine
Endocrinology, dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones
Gastroenterology, concerned with the field of digestive diseases
Geriatric medicine
Hematology, concerned with blood, the blood-forming organs and its disorders.
Hospital medicine
Infectious disease, concerned with disease caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite
Interventional cardiology
Medical oncology, dealing with the chemotherapeutic (chemical) treatment of cancer
Nephrology, dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney
Pulmonology, dealing with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract
Rheumatology, devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases.
Sleep medicine
Sports medicine
Transplant hepatology

Internists may also specialize in "allergy" and "immunology." The American Board of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology is a conjoint board between internal medicine and pediatrics.

American College of Osteopathic Internists

The American College of Osteopathic Internists recognizes the following subspecialties:^[7]

Allergy/Immunology
Cardiology
Critical care medicine
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
Geriatric medicine
Hematology/Oncology
Infectious diseases
Nuclear medicine
Nephrology
Pulmonology
Rheumatology

Medical diagnosis and treatment

Medicine is mainly focused on the art of diagnosis and treatment with medication, but many subspecialties administer surgical treatment:

Cardiology: angioplasty, cardioversion, cardiac ablation, intra-aortic balloon pump
Critical care medicine: mechanical ventilation
Gastroenterology: endoscopy and ERCP
Nephrology: dialysis
Pulmonology: Bronchoscopy

References

^ ^a ^b "What is an Internist - Doctors for Adults". American College of Physicians. Retrieved 04-11-2012.
^ "Glossary of Terms". ACGME. June 28, 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
^ "ACP: Who We Are". American College of Physicians. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
^ Dr. Marina Gafanovich MD New York Internal Medicine
^ Medscape Physician Salary Report 2012 [1]
^ "abim.org". Retrieved 2009-05-26.
^ "www.acoi.org". Retrieved 2009-05-26.

External links

International Society of Internal Medicine
Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand
The American Board of Internal Medicine
Canadian Society of Internal Medicine
The American College of Osteopathic Internists
American College of Physicians

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