WordNet

to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
stake on the outcome of an issue; "I bet $100 on that new horse"; "She played all her money on the dark horse" (同)wager, play
the act of gambling; "he did it on a bet" (同)wager
maintain with or as if with a bet; "I bet she will be there!" (同)wager
second in order of importance; "the candidate, considered a beta male, was perceived to be unable to lead his party to victory"
the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet
preliminary or testing stage of a software or hardware product; "a beta version"; "beta software"
an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus; inhibits replication of the virus

PrepTutorEJDIC

《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
『かけ』・(…との)かけ《+『with』+『名』》 / かけた物(金) / かけの対象 / 〈金・物〉'を'『かける』 / (かけ事・ゲームなどで)〈人〉‘と'『かけをする』《+『名』〈人〉+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)『かける』《+『on』(『against』)+『名』(one's do『ing』)》
ベータ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第2文字;B,β;英語のB,b に遭当)
インターフェロン(ウイルス増殖抑制物質)
インターフェロン (virusの増殖を抑制する)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/30 14:07:14」(JST)

wiki en

Interferon beta 1b (tradenames Betaferon, Betaseron (North America), Extavia and ZIFERON) is a drug in the interferon family used to treat the relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is approved for use after the first MS event. It is administered by sub-cutaneous injection and has been shown to slow the advance of the affliction as well as reduce the frequency of attacks. Closely related is interferon beta 1a, also indicated for MS, and with a very similar drug profile.

Mechanism of action[edit]

Interferon beta balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, and reduces the number of inflammatory cells that cross the blood brain barrier.^[1] Overall, therapy with interferon beta leads to a reduction of neuron inflammation.^[1] Moreover, it is also thought to increase the production of nerve growth factor and consequently improve neuronal survival.^[1]

Side effects[edit]

Injectable medications can produce irritation or bruises at injection site. The bruise depicted was produced by a subcutaneous injection.

Interferon beta 1b is available only in injectable forms, and can cause skin reactions at the injection site that may include cutaneous necrosis. Skin reactions vary greatly in their clinical presentation.^[2] They usually appear within the first month of treatment albeit their frequence and importance diminish after six months of treatment.^[2] Skin reactions are more prevalent in women.^[2] Mild skin reactions usually do not impede treatment whereas necroses appear in around 5% of patients and lead to the discontinuation of the therapy.^[2] Also over time, a visible dent at the injection site due to the local destruction of fat tissue, known as lipoatrophy, may develop.

Interferons, a subclass of cytokines, are produced in the body during illnesses such as influenza in order to help fight the infection. They are responsible for many of the symptoms of influenza infections, including fever, muscle aches, fatigue, and headaches.^[3] Many patients report influenza-like symptoms hours after taking interferon beta that usually improve within 24 hours, being such symptoms related to the temporary increase of cytokines.^[2]^[4] This reaction tends to disappear after 3 months of treatment and its symptoms can be treated with over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, that reduce fever and pain.^[2] Another common transient secondary effect with interferon-beta is a functional deterioration of already existing symptoms of the disease.^[2] Such deterioration is similar to the one produced in MS patients due to heat, fever or stress (Uhthoff's phenomenon), usually appears within 24 hours of treatment, is more common in the initial months of treatment, and may last several days.^[2] A symptom specially sensitive to worsening is spasticity.^[2] Interferon-beta can also reduce numbers of white blood cells (leukopenia), lymphocytes (lymphopenia) and neutrophils (neutropenia), as well as affect liver function.^[2] In most cases these effects are non-dangerous and reversible after cessation or reduction of treatment.^[2] Nevertheless, recommendation is that all patients should be monitored through laboratory blood analyses, including liver function tests, to ensure safe use of interferons.^[2]

The injection-site reactions can be mitigated by rotating injection sites or by using one of the medications that requires less frequent injections. Side effects are often onerous enough that many patients ultimately discontinue taking Interferons (or glatiramer acetate, a comparable disease-modifying therapies requiring regular injections).

Efficacy[edit]

Clinically isolated syndrome[edit]

The earliest clinical presentation of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is the clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), that is, a single attack of a single symptom. During a CIS, there is a subacute attack suggestive of demyelination but the patient does not fulfill the criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.^[5] Treatment with interferons after an initial attack decreases the risk of developing clinical definite MS.^[4]^[6]

Relapsing-remitting MS[edit]

Medications are modestly effective at decreasing the number of attacks in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and in reducing the accumulation of brain lesions, which is measured using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).^[4] Interferons reduce relapses by approximately 30% and their safe profile make them the first-line treatments.^[4] Nevertheless, not all the patients are responsive to these therapies. It is known that 30% of MS patients are non-responsive to Beta interferon.^[7] They can be classified in genetic, pharmacological and pathogenetic non-responders.^[7] One of the factors related to non-respondance is the presence of high levels of interferon beta neutralizing antibodies. Interferon therapy, and specially interferon beta 1b, induces the production of neutralizing antibodies, usually in the second 6 months of treatment, in 5 to 30% of treated patients.^[4] Moreover, a subset of RRMS patients with specially active MS, sometimes called "rapidly worsening MS" are normally non-responders to interferon beta 1b.^[8]^[9]

While more studies of the long-term effects of the drugs are needed,^[4]^[10] existing data on the effects of interferons indicate that early-initiated long-term therapy is safe and it is related to better outcomes.^[10]

Commercial formulations[edit]

Betaferon/Betaseron is marketed today by Bayer HealthCare. The originator was Schering AG (Berlex in North America), now part of Bayer HealthCare. Novartis has also introduced Extavia, a new brand of interferon beta 1b, in 2009.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Kieseier, Bernd C. (1 June 2011). "The Mechanism of Action of Interferon-β in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis". CNS Drugs 25 (6): 491–502. doi:10.2165/11591110-000000000-00000. PMID 21649449.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Walther, EU; Hohlfeld, R (1999 Nov 10). "Multiple sclerosis: side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management.". Neurology 53 (8): 1622–7. PMID 10563602.
^ Eccles, R (2005 Nov). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza.". The Lancet infectious diseases 5 (11): 718–25. PMID 16253889.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Compston A, Coles A (October 2008). "Multiple sclerosis". Lancet 372 (9648): 1502–17. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7. PMID 18970977.
^ Miller D, Barkhof F, Montalban X, Thompson A, Filippi M (2005). "Clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis, part I: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis". Lancet neurology 4 (5): 281–8. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70071-5. PMID 15847841.
^ Bates, D (2011 Jan 4). "Treatment effects of immunomodulatory therapies at different stages of multiple sclerosis in short-term trials.". Neurology 76 (1 Suppl 1): S14–25. PMID 21205678.
^ ^a ^b Bertolotto A, Gilli F (September 2008). "Interferon-beta responders and non-responders. A biological approach". Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 29 Suppl 2: S216–7. doi:10.1007/s10072-008-0941-2. PMID 18690496.
^ Buttinelli C, Clemenzi A, Borriello G, Denaro F, Pozzilli C, Fieschi C. (2007). "Mitoxantrone treatment in multiple sclerosis: a 5-year clinical and MRI follow-up". European Journal of Neurology 14 (11): 1281–7. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01969.x. PMID 17956449.
^ Boster A, Edan G, Frohman E, Javed A, Stuve O, Tselis A, Weiner H, Weinstock-Guttman B, Khan O (2008). "Intense immunosuppression in patients with rapidly worsening multiple sclerosis: treatment guidelines for the clinician". Lancet neurology 7 (2): 173–83. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70020-6. PMID 18207115.
^ ^a ^b Freedman, M. S. (27 December 2010). "Long-term follow-up of clinical trials of multiple sclerosis therapies". Neurology 76 (1, Supplement 1): S26–S34. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318205051d. PMID 21205679.

External links[edit]

betaseron.com

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Disease-modifying treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in adults
2. 成人における進行性多発性硬化症の治療 treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis in adults
3. 小児多発性硬化症の治療および予後 treatment and prognosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis
4. 成人における多発性硬化症の症状のマネージメント symptom management of multiple sclerosis in adults
5. 視神経炎：予後および治療 optic neuritis prognosis and treatment

English Journal

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B Negatively Impacts Host Defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection.

Yue L1, Xie Z1, Li H1, Pang Z2, Junkins RD2, Tremblay ML3, Chen X4, Lin TJ5.
The American journal of pathology.Am J Pathol.2016 May;186(5):1234-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.005.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen in immune-compromised individuals. Mechanisms governing immune responses to P. aeruginosa infection remain incompletely defined. Herein, we demonstrate that protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is a critical negative regulator in P. aerugin
PMID 27105736

Dietary vitamin C deficiency depresses the growth, head kidney and spleen immunity and structural integrity by regulating NF-κB, TOR, Nrf2, apoptosis and MLCK signaling in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

Xu HJ1, Jiang WD2, Feng L2, Liu Y2, Wu P2, Jiang J2, Kuang SY3, Tang L3, Tang WN3, Zhang YA4, Zhou XQ5.
Fish & shellfish immunology.Fish Shellfish Immunol.2016 May;52:111-38. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.033. Epub 2016 Mar 2.
This study investigated the effects of dietary vitamin C on the growth, and head kidney, spleen and skin immunity, structural integrity and related signaling molecules mRNA expression levels of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 540 grass carp (264.37 ± 0.66 g) were fed six d
PMID 26944716

Cost-effectiveness analysis of interferon beta-1b as treatment for patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis in Spain.

Piñol C1.
Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain).Neurologia.2016 May;31(4):247-254. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.03.014. Epub 2015 May 12.
INTRODUCTION: The BENEFIT study has demonstrated the benefits of early treatment with interferon beta 1b (IFNβ-1b). The objective of this study was to estimate the efficiency of early vs delayed IFNβ-1b treatment in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis
PMID 25976942

Japanese Journal

(82)多発性硬化症におけるインターフェロン-β1b療法による末梢血細胞内サイトカインの変化

大原久仁子
東京女子医科大学雑誌 78(7), 392-394, 2008-07
NAID 110007524717

多発性硬化症におけるインターフェロンβ-1b療法による末梢血細胞内サイトカインの変化

大原久仁子,清水優子,太田宏平 [他],大橋高志,岩田誠,大原久仁子,清水優子,太田宏平,大橋高志,岩田誠
東京女子医科大学雑誌 77(12), 617-623, 2007-12
… 我々はインターフェロンβ-1b(IFNβ-1b)治療前後の多発性硬化症(multiple sclerosis : MS)患者の末梢血リンパ球サイトカインバランスを細胞内インターフェロンーγ(IFN-γ)/インターロイキン-4(IL-4)比とtumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)で2年間にわたり評価し,未治療MS患者,IFNβ-1b治療中再発MS患者と比較検討した.対象はIFNβ-1b治療MS患者23例,未治療MS患者22例,健常者18例である.末梢血 …
NAID 110007525319

症例報告 Interferon β-1b導入後に視神経脊髄型から通常型への病型移行がみられた多発性硬化症

神崎真実,四茂野はるみ,小川剛 [他]
臨床神経学 47(2・3), 100-104, 2007-02
NAID 40015460324

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「インターフェロンベータ-1b」
関連記事	「beta」「interferon」「be」

「インターフェロンベータ-1b」

Interferon beta 1b
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	Human interferon beta
Clinical data
Trade names	Betaseron
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
MedlinePlus	a601151
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	?
Identifiers
CAS number	145155-23-3
ATC code	L03AB08
DrugBank	DB00068
KEGG	D00746
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1201563
Chemical data
Formula	C908H1408N246O253S6
Mol. mass	20011.0 g/mol
(what is this?) (verify);

　　[★]

英: interferon beta-1b
関: インターフェロンベータ1b

「beta」

　　[★]

β、ベータ　　　　

「interferon」

　　[★] インターフェロン　　

「be」

　　[★] 　　　　　　　　　

[pmid21649449-1] Kieseier, Bernd C. (1 June 2011). "The Mechanism of Action of Interferon-β in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis". CNS Drugs 25 (6): 491–502. doi:10.2165/11591110-000000000-00000. PMID 21649449.

[pmid10563602-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Walther, EU; Hohlfeld, R (1999 Nov 10). "Multiple sclerosis: side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management.". Neurology 53 (8): 1622–7. PMID 10563602.

[pmid16253889-3] Eccles, R (2005 Nov). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza.". The Lancet infectious diseases 5 (11): 718–25. PMID 16253889.

[pmid18970977-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Compston A, Coles A (October 2008). "Multiple sclerosis". Lancet 372 (9648): 1502–17. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7. PMID 18970977.

[pmid15847841-5] Miller D, Barkhof F, Montalban X, Thompson A, Filippi M (2005). "Clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis, part I: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis". Lancet neurology 4 (5): 281–8. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70071-5. PMID 15847841.

[pmid21205678-6] Bates, D (2011 Jan 4). "Treatment effects of immunomodulatory therapies at different stages of multiple sclerosis in short-term trials.". Neurology 76 (1 Suppl 1): S14–25. PMID 21205678.

[pmid18690496-7] Bertolotto A, Gilli F (September 2008). "Interferon-beta responders and non-responders. A biological approach". Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 29 Suppl 2: S216–7. doi:10.1007/s10072-008-0941-2. PMID 18690496.

[8] Buttinelli C, Clemenzi A, Borriello G, Denaro F, Pozzilli C, Fieschi C. (2007). "Mitoxantrone treatment in multiple sclerosis: a 5-year clinical and MRI follow-up". European Journal of Neurology 14 (11): 1281–7. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01969.x. PMID 17956449.

[9] Boster A, Edan G, Frohman E, Javed A, Stuve O, Tselis A, Weiner H, Weinstock-Guttman B, Khan O (2008). "Intense immunosuppression in patients with rapidly worsening multiple sclerosis: treatment guidelines for the clinician". Lancet neurology 7 (2): 173–83. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70020-6. PMID 18207115.

[pmid21205679-10] Freedman, M. S. (27 December 2010). "Long-term follow-up of clinical trials of multiple sclerosis therapies". Neurology 76 (1, Supplement 1): S26–S34. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318205051d. PMID 21205679.

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interferon beta-1b