WordNet

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion

PrepTutorEJDIC

ホルモン

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/26 01:04:18」(JST)

wiki en

Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones are hormones whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones, either by stimulating or inhibiting their release. They are also called liberins (/ˈlɪbərᵻnz/) and statins (/ˈstætᵻns/) (respectively), or releasing factors and inhibiting factors. The principal examples are hypothalamic-pituitary hormones that can be classified from several viewpoints: they are hypothalamic hormones (originating in the hypothalamus), they are hypophysiotropic hormones (affecting the hypophysis, that is, the pituitary gland), and they are tropic hormones (having other endocrine glands as their target).

For example, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to low levels of secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. The TSH in turn is under feedback control by the thyroid hormones T4 and T3. When the levels of TSH are too high, they feed back on the brain to shut down the secretion of TRH. Synthetic TRH is also used by physicians as a test of TSH reserve in the pituitary gland as it should stimulate the release of TSH and prolactin from this gland.

The main releasing hormones are as follows:

The hypothalamus uses thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or thyroliberin) to tell the pituitary to release more thyrotropin.
The hypothalamus uses corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH or corticoliberin) to tell the pituitary to release more corticotropin.
The hypothalamus uses gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or gonadoliberin) to tell the pituitary to release more gonadotropin.
The hypothalamus uses growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH or somatoliberin) to tell the pituitary to release more somatotropin.

The main release-inhibiting hormones or inhibiting hormones are as follows:

The hypothalamus uses somatostatin to tell the pituitary to inhibit somatotropin and to tell the gastrointestinal tract to inhibit various gastrointestinal hormones.

There are various other inhibiting factors that also have tropic endocrine inhibition activity. Such activity is only one of many functions that they have (such as neurotransmitter and receptor antagonist roles), and they are not always called hormones, although many are neuropeptides or neurosteroids. They include the following:

The hypothalamus uses dopamine as a prolactostatin to tell the pituitary to inhibit prolactin; it is also created elsewhere in the brain and the adrenal cortex as a neurotransmitter to affect many other systems.
The hypothalamus uses follistatin to tell the pituitary to inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone; it also has many other systemic effects.
Myocytes use myostatin to tell each other to inhibit myogenesis.
Melanocyte-inhibiting factor (melanostatin) inhibits release of other neuropeptides such as alpha-MSH and also has many other functions.
There is a neuropeptide called cortistatin and a class of steroidal cortistatins.

Examples of releasing and inhibiting hormones for exocrine hormones are gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), which regulate gastrin production.

Mechanism

Releasing hormones increase (or, in case of inhibitory factors, decrease) the intracellular concentration of calcium (Ca²⁺), resulting in vesicle fusion of the respective primary hormone.

For GnRH, TRH and GHRH the increase in Ca²⁺ is achieved by the releasing hormone coupling and activating G protein coupled receptors coupled to the G_q alpha subunit, activating the IP3/DAG pathway to increase Ca²⁺.^[1] For GHRH, however, this is a minor pathway, the main one being the cAMP dependent pathway. ^[2]

Notable researchers

Roger Guillemin and Andrew W. Schally were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1977 for their contributions to understanding "the peptide hormone production of the brain"; these scientists independently first isolated TRH and GnRH and then identified their structures.^[3]

References

^ Page 237 in: Costanzo, Linda S. (2007). Physiology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7311-3.
^ Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
^ Guillemin R. Hypothalamic hormones a.k.a. hypothalamic releasing factors. J Endocrinol 2005;184:11-28. Fulltext. doi:10.1677/joe.1.05883 PMID 15642779.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 女性の不妊評価 evaluation of female infertility
2. 思春期における多嚢胞性卵巣症候群の診断的評価 diagnostic evaluation of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents
3. 健常女性における卵巣の発達および機能不全（閉経） ovarian development and failure menopause in normal women
4. 正常な性的発育 normal sexual development
5. 外陰部異常を有する幼児の評価 evaluation of the infant with ambiguous genitalia

English Journal

Zerumbone inhibits growth of hormone refractory prostate cancer cells by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway and increases paclitaxel sensitivity.

Jorvig JE1, Chakraborty A.
Anti-cancer drugs.Anticancer Drugs.2015 Feb;26(2):160-6. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000171.
Zerumbone, a phytochemical isolated from Zingiber zerumbet has been shown previously to exhibit antineoplastic activity. But, the effect of zerumbone in prostate cancer has not been evaluated. Prostate cancer is frequently associated with elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which exerts its onc
PMID 25243457

Circulating microRNA profiles and the identification of miR-593 and miR-511 which directly target the PROP1 gene in children with combined pituitary hormone deficiency.

Hu Y1, Wang Q1, Wang Z1, Wang F1, Guo X2, Li G1.
International journal of molecular medicine.Int J Mol Med.2015 Feb;35(2):358-66. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2016. Epub 2014 Nov 28.
Since the tissue of children with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is not readily accessible, a new focus in children with CPHD is the blood-based expression profiling of non-protein coding genes, such as microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), which regulate gene expression by inhibiting the transl
PMID 25434367

Hydrocortisone and triiodothyronine regulate hyaluronate synthesis in a tissue-engineered human dermal equivalent through independent pathways.

Deshpande M1, Papp S2, Schaffer L2, Pouyani T3.
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.J Biosci Bioeng.2015 Feb;119(2):226-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.08.001. Epub 2014 Sep 30.
Hydrocortisone (HC) and triiodothyronine (T3) have both been shown to be capable of independently inhibiting hyaluronate (HA, hyaluronic acid) synthesis in a self-assembled human dermal equivalent (human dermal matrix). We sought to investigate the action of these two hormones in concert on extracel
PMID 25277518

Japanese Journal

Possible Involvement of Neuropeptide Y in Photo-Induced Suppression of Growth Hormone Pulses

FUJISAWA Ayano,MATSUWAKI Takashi,YAMANOUCHI Keitaro,NISHIHARA Masugi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2012
… It is well established that growth hormone (GH) is secreted in a pulsatile manner. … These results suggest that NPY neurons in the caudal ARC projecting to the PeVN play a role in inhibiting GH pulses at the commencement of the light phase. …
NAID 130001879650

90. シロイヌナズナの植物ホルモン応答性遺伝子発現を用いた植物ホルモンバランスの解析(口頭発表,植物化学調節学会第46回大会)

永田真紀,平山潤太,伊沢剛,安田美智子,篠崎聰,仲下英雄
植物化学調節学会研究発表記録集 (46), 106, 2011-10-03
… For instance, treatment with ABA suppresses the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by inhibiting the pathway both upstream and downstream of SA accumulation. … In this study, we demonstrate the correlative relationship between plant hormone-related gene expression and endogen hormone concentration in leaf tissues. …
NAID 110008902499

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「抑制ホルモン」
拡張検索	「prolactin release-inhibiting hormone」「MSH release-inhibiting hormone」「growth hormone release inhibiting hormone」
関連記事	「inhibiting」