下オリーブ
WordNet
- of a yellow-green color similar to that of an unripe olive
- evergreen tree cultivated in the Mediterranean region since antiquity and now elsewhere; has edible shiny black fruits (同)European olive tree, Olea_europaea
- hard yellow often variegated wood of an olive tree; used in cabinetwork
- small ovoid fruit of the European olive tree; important food and source of oil
- a yellow-green color of low brightness and saturation
- one-seeded fruit of the European olive tree usually pickled and used as a relish
- of or characteristic of low rank or importance
- one of lesser rank or station or quality
- having an orbit between the sun and the Earths orbit; "Mercury and Venus are inferior planets"
- lower than a given reference point; "inferior alveolar artery"
- of low or inferior quality
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈C〉『オリーブ』[の木](南欧産の常緑樹) / 〈C〉オリーブの実(ピクルスにしたり,オリーブ油を採る) / (また『olive green』)〈U〉オリーブ色,黄録色 / オリーブの;オリーブ色のの
- (階級・親分・質・程度などが)『下の』,『劣る』, / (位置が)低い,下方の / 目下の者;劣った人
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/11 13:24:50」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Inferior olivary nucleus |
Microcircuitry of the cerebellum. Excitatory synapses are denoted by (+) and inhibitory synapses by (-).
MF: Mossy fiber.
DCN: Deep cerebellar nuclei.
IO: Inferior olive.
CF: Climbing fiber.
CFC: Climbing fiber collateral.
GC: Granule cell.
PF: Parallel fiber.
PC: Purkinje cell.
GgC: Golgi cell.
SC: Stellate cell.
BC: Basket cell. |
|
Transverse section of medulla oblongata below the middle of the olive. (Inferior olivary nucleus labeled at center right.)
|
| Details |
| Latin |
Complexus olivaris inferior,
nuclei olivares inferiores |
| Part of |
Olivary body |
| Identifiers |
| Gray's |
p.781 |
| MeSH |
A08.186.211.132.810.406.574 |
| NeuroNames |
hier-696 |
| TA |
A14.1.04.008
A14.1.04.219 |
| FMA |
72243 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy |
The inferior olivary nucleus, also called inferior olive, is the largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. It is involved in motor control. It is a major source of input to the cerebellum. The hypoglossal nucleus sends its fibers ventrally between the pyramid and inferior olivary nucleus to exit as the hypoglossal nerve.
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Function
- 3 Clinical significance
- 4 Additional images
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Structure
The inferior olivary nucleus consists of a gray folded lamina arranged in the form of an incomplete capsule, opening medially by an aperture called the hilum.
Olivocerebellar fibers are neurons that have their cell bodies in the inferior olivary nucleus.[1] Their axons leave medially through the hilum, cross the midline, and ascend into the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle.[1] Once they enter the cerebellum, they are referred to as the climbing fibers.[1] Finally, they terminate by synapsing in the cerebellar cortex, including the cortex of the vermis, paramedian lobule, and the cerebellar hemispheres.[1]
The fibers leaving the inferior olivary nucleus at the hilum may be referred to as the "peduncle" of the olive. They cross with those from the opposite olive in the raphe. After the raphe, they may be referred to as the internal arcuate fibers. The fibers are smaller than the internal arcuate fibers connected with the medial lemniscus.
Important connections between the cerebrum and the olive of the same side exist, but the exact pathway is unknown.[citation needed] Many collaterals from the reticular formation and from the pyramids enter the inferior olivary nucleus.
Function
It is closely associated with the cerebellum, meaning that it is involved in control and coordination of movements,[2] sensory processing and cognitive tasks likely by encoding the timing of sensory input independently of attention or awareness .[3][4] [5] Lesions to the inferior olive have been associated with a decreased ability to perfect highly specialized motor tasks, such as improving one's accuracy in hitting a target with a ball.[6] There is some evidence that it is stimulated by ghrelin.[7]
Clinical significance
Hypertrophy has been associated with progressive supranuclear palsy.[8] Removal of one cerebellar hemisphere is followed by atrophy of the opposite olivary nucleus.[citation needed]
Additional images
-
Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive.
-
Diagram showing the course of the arcuate fibers.
-
Sagittal section through right cerebellar hemisphere. The right olive has also been cut sagittally.
-
Human brain frontal (coronal) section
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ a b c d Gado, Thomas A. Woolsey ; Joseph Hanaway ; Mokhtar H. (2003). The brain atlas a visual guide to the human central nervous system (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 206. ISBN 0-471-43058-7.
- ^ "Medical Neurosciences".
- ^ Xu D, Liu T, Ashe J, Bushara KO. Role of the olivo-cerebellar system in timing. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 5990-5.
- ^ Liu T, Xu D, Ashe J, Bushara K. Specificity of inferior olive response to stimulus timing. J Neurophysiol 2008; 100: 1557-61.
- ^ Wu X, Ashe J, Bushara KO. Role of olivocerebellar system in timing without awareness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011.
- ^ Martin TA, Keating JG, Goodkin HP, Bastian AJ, Thach WT. Throwing while looking through prisms. I. Focal olivocerebellar lesions impair adaptation. Brain 1996; 119: 1183-1198.
- ^ Zhang W, Lin TR, Hu Y, Fan Y, Zhao L, Mulholland MW (2003). "Activation of c-fos expression in the rat inferior olivary nucleus by ghrelin". Neurosci. Lett. 353 (3): 157–60. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.083. PMID 14665405.
- ^ Hanihara T, Amano N, Takahashi T, Itoh Y, Yagishita S (1998). "Hypertrophy of the inferior olivary nucleus in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy". Eur. Neurol. 39 (2): 97–102. doi:10.1159/000007915. PMID 9520070.
External links
- Illustration and text: Bs97/TEXT/P6/overview.htm at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical school
|
Anatomy of the medulla
|
|
| Grey matter |
| Cranial nuclei |
| afferent: |
- Solitary nucleus
- tract
- Dorsal respiratory group
- Gustatory nucleus
- Vestibular nuclei
|
|
| efferent: |
- Hypoglossal nucleus
- Nucleus ambiguus
- Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
- Inferior salivatory nucleus
|
|
|
| Dorsal |
- Gracile nucleus
- Cuneate nucleus
- Accessory cuneate nucleus
|
|
| Ventral |
-
- Ventral respiratory group
- Arcuate nucleus of medulla
- Rostral ventromedial medulla
|
|
|
| White matter |
| Dorsal |
- Sensory
- Sensory decussation
- Medial lemniscus
- Juxtarestiform body
- Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Motor
- Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
|
|
| Ventral |
- Descending tracts
- Olivocerebellar tract
- Rubro-olivary tract
|
|
|
| Surface |
| Front |
- Pyramid
- decussation
- Anterior median fissure
- Anterolateral sulcus
- Olive
|
|
| Back |
- Posterior median sulcus
- Posterolateral sulcus
- Area postrema
- Vagal trigone
- Hypoglossal trigone
- Medial eminence
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
|
|
|
| Grey |
- Reticular formation
- Gigantocellular
- Parvocellular
- Ventral
- Lateral
- Paramedian
- Raphe nuclei
|
|
|
Index of the central nervous system
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Addiction
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- dependence
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
|
|
|
|
Brain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculi
|
|
Sensory/
ascending |
| PCML |
| 1°: |
- Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus
|
|
| 2°: |
- → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)
|
|
| 3°: |
- → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus
|
|
|
Anterolateral/
pain |
| Fast/lateral |
- 1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)
2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)
|
|
| Slow/medial |
- 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)
|
|
|
|
Motor/
descending |
| Pyramidal |
- flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction
|
|
| Extrapyramidal |
| flexion: |
- Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles
|
|
| flexion: |
- Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract
|
|
| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract
|
|
| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract
|
|
- Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck
|
|
|
| Basal ganglia |
| direct: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)
|
|
| indirect: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)
|
|
| nigrostriatal pathway: |
|
|
|
|
| Cerebellar |
| Afferent |
- Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell
- Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell
- Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei
|
|
| Efferent |
- Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei
|
|
Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar |
Unconscious
proprioception |
- lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)
|
|
| Reflex arc |
- lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum)
|
|
|
|
|
Index of the central nervous system
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Addiction
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- dependence
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
|
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: Case series and review of literature.
- Sabat S1, Mannering N2, Agarwal A3.
- Journal of the neurological sciences.J Neurol Sci.2016 Nov 15;370:180-186. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.09.055. Epub 2016 Sep 28.
- Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration (HOD) is a rare neurological condition caused by trans-synaptic degeneration in the brainstem and cerebellum, resulting in varied clinical symptoms, classical being palatal tremors, along with characteristic imaging presentation. Large number of pathologic lesions c
- PMID 27772756
- A magnetic resonance imaging finding in children with cerebral palsy: Symmetrical central tegmental tract hyperintensity.
- Derinkuyu BE1, Ozmen E2, Akmaz-Unlu H3, Altinbas NK3, Gurkas E4, Boyunaga O5.
- Brain & development.Brain Dev.2016 Nov 11. pii: S0387-7604(16)30173-5. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.10.004. [Epub ahead of print]
- BACKGROUND: Central tegmental tract is an extrapyramidal tract between red nucleus and inferior olivary nucleus which is located in the tegmentum pontis bilaterally and symmetrically. The etiology of the presence of central tegmental tract hyperintensity on MRI is unclear.PURPOSE: In this study our
- PMID 27843044
- Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi lesions produce a unique ocular motor syndrome.
- Kim SH1, Zee DS1, du Lac S1, Kim HJ1, Kim JS2.
- Neurology.Neurology.2016 Nov 8;87(19):2026-2033. Epub 2016 Oct 12.
- OBJECTIVE: To describe the ocular motor abnormalities in 9 patients with a lesion involving the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), a key constituent of a vestibular-cerebellar-brainstem neural network that ensures that the eyes are held steady in all positions of gaze.METHODS: We recorded eye move
- PMID 27733568
Japanese Journal
- Hcn1 is a tremorgenic genetic component in a rat model of essential tremor.
- Validation of the Minimum-Error Method for Estimating Model Parameters from Neural Spike Train Data
- 両側下オリーブ核肥大変性を呈した脳幹梗塞 : 特に星状細胞機能と神経可塑性について
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- inferior olive, IO
[★]
- 関
- inferio、inferiorly、infra、lower、recessive、recessively、recessiveness
[★]
- 関
- inferior、inferiorly、infra、lower、sub、underneath
[★]
オリーブ
- 関
- Olea europaea