WordNet

sing with closed lips; "She hummed a melody"
a humming noise; "the hum of distant traffic" (同)humming
be noisy with activity; "This office is buzzing with activity" (同)buzz, seethe
sound with a monotonous hum (同)thrum
make a low continuous sound; "The refrigerator is humming"
relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty"
a disease of cattle that is transmitted by cattle ticks; similar to Texas fever

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〈ハチ・機械などが〉『ブンブンいう』,ブーンと鳴る / 『鼻歌を歌う』,ハミングスル / (ちゅうちょ・当惑で)ふむふむいう / 《話》〈雰囲気・事業などが〉活気がある,活発に動く;(…で)活気づく《+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'『ハミングで歌う』,鼻歌を歌って…‘を'(ある状熊に)する / (ハチ・機械などの)『ブンブン』[『うなる音』];鼻歌 / (雑踏などの)ガヤガヤ]いう音],騒音 / ふ‐む,う‐ん(ちゅうちょ・当惑・黙考・疑惑・不快などの声)
(動物・神に対して)『人間の』,人の / 『人間らいし』,人間的な,人情味のある / 〈C〉《複数形》(動物に怠して)人間(human being) / 〈U〉《the human》人類

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/05 21:32:53」(JST)

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Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) (previously known as Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, or HGE^[1]^[2] ) is an infectious disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular bacterium that is typically transmitted to humans by at least three kinds of ticks, including Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus, and Dermacentor variabilis. These ticks also transmit Lyme disease and other diseases.^[3]

The bacteria infect white blood cells called neutrophils, causing changes in gene expression that prolong the life of these otherwise short-lived cells.^[4]

Ecology and epidemiology

A. phagocytophilum is transmitted to humans by Ixodes ticks. These ticks are found in the US, Europe, and Asia. In the US, I. scapularis is the tick vector in the East and Midwest states, and I. pacificus in the Pacific Northwest.^[5]

The major mammalian reservoir for A. phagocytophilum in the eastern United States is the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. Although white-tailed deer harbor A. phagocytophilum, evidence suggests that they are not a reservoir for the strains that cause HGA.^[6]

Anaplasma phagocytophilum shares its tick vector with other human pathogens, and about 10% of patients with HGA show serologic evidence of coinfection with Lyme disease, babesiosis, or tick-borne meningoencephalitis.^[7]

Symptoms

Symptoms may include fever, severe headache, muscle aches (myalgia), chills and shaking, similar to the symptoms of influenza. Symptoms may be minor, as evidenced by surveillance studies in high-risk areas. GI symptoms occur in less than half of patients and a skin rash is seen in less than 10% of patients. It is also characterized by thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and elevated serum transaminase levels in the majority of infected patients.^[8]

Diagnosis

Clinically, HGA is essentially indistinguishable from Human monocytic ehrlichiosis, the infection caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and other tick-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease may be suspected. As Ehrlichia serologies can be negative in the acute period, PCR is very useful for diagnosis.^[9]

Treatment and Prevention

Doxycycline is the treatment of choice. If anaplasmosis is suspected, treatment should not be delayed while waiting for a definitive laboratory confirmation, as prompt doxycycline therapy has been shown to improve outcomes.^[10] Presentation during early pregnancy can complicate treatment. Doxycycline compromises dental enamel during development.^[11] Although rifampin is indicated for post-delivery pediatric and some doxycycline-allergic patients, it is teratogenic. Rifampin is contraindicated during conception and pregnancy.^[12] Currently, there is no vaccine against human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

Terminology

Although the infectious agent is known to be from the Anaplasma genus, the term "human granulocytic ehrlichiosis" (HGE) is often used, reflecting the prior classification of the organism. E. phagocytophilum and E. equi were reclassified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

External links

CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases for more information about HGE

References

^ Malik A, Jameel M, Ali S, Mir S (2005). "Human granulocytic anaplasmosis affecting the myocardium". J Gen Intern Med 20 (10): 958. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00218.x. PMC 1490240. PMID 16191146.
^ Human Anaplasmosis Basics - Minnesota Dept. of Health
^ http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/0022-2585%282003%29040%5B0534%3ADOBBEC%5D2.0.CO%3B2
^ PMID: Lee HC, Kioi M, Han J, Puri RK, Goodman JL (September 2008). "Anaplasma phagocytophilum-induced gene expression in both human neutrophils and HL-60 cells". Genomics 92 (3): 144–51. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.05.005. PMID 18603403.
^ Dumler JS, Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Bakken JS (July 2007). "Ehrlichioses in humans: epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment". Clinical Infectious Diseases 45 (Suppl 1): S45–51. doi:10.1086/518146. PMID 17582569.
^ Massung RF, Courtney JW, Hiratzka SL, Pitzer VE, Smith G, Dryden RL (October 2005). "Anaplasma phagocytophilum in white-tailed deer". Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (10): 1604–6. doi:10.3201/eid1110.041329. PMID 16318705.
^ Dumler JS, Choi KS, Garcia-Garcia JC, et al. (December 2005). "Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum". Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (12): 1828–34. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050898. PMC 3367650. PMID 16485466.
^ Murray, Patrick R.; Rosenthal, Ken S.; Pfaller, Michael A. Medical Microbiology, Fifth Edition. United States: Elsevier Mosby, 2005
^ Prince LK, Shah AA, Martinez LJ, Moran KA (August 2007). "Ehrlichiosis: making the diagnosis in the acute setting". Southern Medical Journal 100 (8): 825–8. doi:10.1097/smj.0b013e31804aa1ad. PMID 17713310.
^ Hamburg BJ, Storch GA, Micek ST, Kollef MH (March 2008). "The importance of early treatment with doxycycline in human ehrlichiosis". Medicine 87 (2): 53–60. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e318168da1d. PMID 18344803.
^ Muffly T, McCormick TC, Cook C, Wall J (2008). "Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis complicating early pregnancy". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2008: 359172. doi:10.1155/2008/359172. PMC 2396214. PMID 18509484.
^ Krause PJ, Corrow CL, Bakken JS (September 2003). "Successful treatment of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in children using rifampin". Pediatrics 112 (3 Pt 1): e252–3. doi:10.1542/peds.112.3.e252. PMID 12949322.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ヒトエーリキア症およびアナプラズマ症 human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
2. 小児および思春期における急性ウイルス性脳炎：治療および予防 acute viral encephalitis in children and adolescents treatment and prevention
3. 横紋筋融解症の原因 causes of rhabdomyolysis
4. エーリキアの生物学 biology of ehrlichiae
5. ライム病の治療 treatment of lyme disease

English Journal

PMID 20398321

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「anaplasma phagocytophilum」
関連記事	「human」

「anaplasma phagocytophilum」

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
	Classification and external resources
ICD-10	A79.8
ICD-9	083.8
DiseasesDB	31663
MedlinePlus	001381
eMedicine	med/3391 ped/655 emerg/159
MeSH	D016873

　　[★]

関: human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis

「human」

　　[★]

n.

ヒト

adj.

ヒトの、ヒト型の

関: ape、hominid、Hominidae、homo、Homo sapiens、human being、human race、human-type、man、Pongidae

[1] Malik A, Jameel M, Ali S, Mir S (2005). "Human granulocytic anaplasmosis affecting the myocardium". J Gen Intern Med 20 (10): 958. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00218.x. PMC 1490240. PMID 16191146.

[2] Human Anaplasmosis Basics - Minnesota Dept. of Health

[3] ttp://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/0022-2585%282003%29040%5B0534%3ADOBBEC%5D2.0.CO%3B2

[4] PMID: Lee HC, Kioi M, Han J, Puri RK, Goodman JL (September 2008). "Anaplasma phagocytophilum-induced gene expression in both human neutrophils and HL-60 cells". Genomics 92 (3): 144–51. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.05.005. PMID 18603403.

[pmid17582569-5] Dumler JS, Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Bakken JS (July 2007). "Ehrlichioses in humans: epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment". Clinical Infectious Diseases 45 (Suppl 1): S45–51. doi:10.1086/518146. PMID 17582569.

[6] Massung RF, Courtney JW, Hiratzka SL, Pitzer VE, Smith G, Dryden RL (October 2005). "Anaplasma phagocytophilum in white-tailed deer". Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (10): 1604–6. doi:10.3201/eid1110.041329. PMID 16318705.

[pmid16485466-7] Dumler JS, Choi KS, Garcia-Garcia JC, et al. (December 2005). "Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum". Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (12): 1828–34. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050898. PMC 3367650. PMID 16485466.

[8] Murray, Patrick R.; Rosenthal, Ken S.; Pfaller, Michael A. Medical Microbiology, Fifth Edition. United States: Elsevier Mosby, 2005

[9] Prince LK, Shah AA, Martinez LJ, Moran KA (August 2007). "Ehrlichiosis: making the diagnosis in the acute setting". Southern Medical Journal 100 (8): 825–8. doi:10.1097/smj.0b013e31804aa1ad. PMID 17713310.

[PMD18344803-10] Hamburg BJ, Storch GA, Micek ST, Kollef MH (March 2008). "The importance of early treatment with doxycycline in human ehrlichiosis". Medicine 87 (2): 53–60. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e318168da1d. PMID 18344803.

[pmid18509484-11] Muffly T, McCormick TC, Cook C, Wall J (2008). "Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis complicating early pregnancy". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2008: 359172. doi:10.1155/2008/359172. PMC 2396214. PMID 18509484.

[pmid12949322-12] Krause PJ, Corrow CL, Bakken JS (September 2003). "Successful treatment of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in children using rifampin". Pediatrics 112 (3 Pt 1): e252–3. doi:10.1542/peds.112.3.e252. PMID 12949322.

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human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis