WordNet

sing with closed lips; "She hummed a melody"
a humming noise; "the hum of distant traffic" (同)humming
be noisy with activity; "This office is buzzing with activity" (同)buzz, seethe
sound with a monotonous hum (同)thrum
make a low continuous sound; "The refrigerator is humming"
relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty"
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
become bubbly or frothy or foaming; "The boiling soup was frothing"; "The river was foaming"; "Sparkling water" (同)froth, fizz, effervesce, sparkle, form bubbles
a lightweight material in cellular form; made by introducing gas bubbles during manufacture
a mass of small bubbles formed in or on a liquid; "the beer had a thick head of foam" (同)froth
producing or covered with lathery sweat or saliva from exhaustion or disease; "the rabid animals frothing mouth" (同)foamy, frothing

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈ハチ・機械などが〉『ブンブンいう』,ブーンと鳴る / 『鼻歌を歌う』,ハミングスル / (ちゅうちょ・当惑で)ふむふむいう / 《話》〈雰囲気・事業などが〉活気がある,活発に動く;(…で)活気づく《+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'『ハミングで歌う』,鼻歌を歌って…‘を'(ある状熊に)する / (ハチ・機械などの)『ブンブン』[『うなる音』];鼻歌 / (雑踏などの)ガヤガヤ]いう音],騒音 / ふ‐む,う‐ん(ちゅうちょ・当惑・黙考・疑惑・不快などの声)
(動物・神に対して)『人間の』,人の / 『人間らいし』,人間的な,人情味のある / 〈C〉《複数形》(動物に怠して)人間(human being) / 〈U〉《the human》人類
ビールス,ろ過性病原体
(液体表面の)『泡』(あわ)[のかたまり] / 《話》=foam rubber / 『泡立つ』 / 泡立って流れる(吹き出る)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/09 15:05:56」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Human Foamy Virus (HFV) is a retrovirus and specifically belongs to the genera Spumavirus. The spumaviruses are complex and significantly different from the other six genera of retroviruses in several ways. The foamy viruses derive their name from the characteristic ‘foamy’ appearance of the cytopathic effect (CPE) induced in the cells.^[1]

Discovery

The first description of foamy virus (FV) was in 1954. It was found as a contaminant in primary monkey kidney cultures. The first isolate of the “foamy viral agent” was in 1955. Not too long after this, it was isolated from a wide variety of new and old world monkeys, cats, and cows. It was not until several years later that humans entered the scene. In 1971, a viral agent with FV-like characteristics was isolated from lymphoblastoid cells released from a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) from a Kenyan patient.^[2] The agent was termed a human FV because of its origin, and named SFVcpz(hu) as the prototypic laboratory stain. The SFV came from its similarity to simian foamy virus (SFV). Not long after this, a group of researchers concluded that it was a distinct type of FV and most closely related to SFV types 6 and 7, both of which were isolated from chimpanzees. In another report, however, a different group of researchers claimed that SFVcpz(hu) was not a distinct type of FV but rather a variant strain of chimpanzee FV. The debate came to an end in 1994 when the virus was cloned and sequenced. The sequencing showed that there are 86-95% identical amino acids between the SFV and the one isolated from the Kenyan patient. In addition, phylogenetic analysis showed that the pol regions of the two genomes shared 89-92% of their nucleotides and 95-97% of the amino acids are identical between the human virus and various SFV strains. These results indicated that SFVcpz(hu) is likely a variant of SFV and not a unique isolate.^[1] When looking at the origin of the human FV, sequence comparisons showed that from four different species of chimpanzees, SFVcpz(hu) was most closely related to Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. This species of chimpanzee has a natural habitat in Kenya and thus, the origin of the variant was most likely this species, and the virus was probably acquired as a zoonotic infection.^[2]

Life cycle

Most of the differences between the spumaviruses and the other retroviruses come from the life cycle. Some of the main differences are that FV buds from the endoplasmic reticulum instead of the plasma membrane; this difference gives FV a unique morphology. FV is characterized by an immature looking core with an electron lucent center with glycoprotein spikes on the surface.^[1] FV replication more closely resembles the Hepadnaviridae, which are another family of reverse transcriptase encoding viruses. Reverse transcription of the genome occurs at a later step in the replication cycle, which results in the infectious particles having DNA rather than RNA, this also leads to less integration in the host genome. The DNA found is linear and the length of the genome.^[3] The genome encodes the usual retroviral genes pol, gag, and env as well as two additional genes tas or bel-1 and bet. The role for bet is not quite clear, research has shown that it is dispensable for replication of the virus in tissue culture. The tas gene, however, is required for replication. It encodes a protein that functions in transactivating the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter.^[4] FV has a second promoter, the internal promoter (IP) which is located in the env gene. The IP drives expression of the tas and bet genes. The IP is also unique in that the virus has the capacity to transcribe mRNAs from it; usually the complex retroviruses exclusively express transcripts from the LTR.^[5] The structural genes of FV are another one of its unique features. The Gag protein is not efficiently cleaved into the mature virus which lends to the immature morphology. The Pol precursor protein is only partially cleaved; the integrase domain is removed by viral protease. As in other retroviruses, the Env protein is cleaved into surface and transmembrane domains but the FV Env protein also contains an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal which is part of why the virus buds from the endoplasmic reticulum. Another area of difference between FV and other retroviruses is the possibility of recycling the core once the virus is in the cell.^[1]

Diseases

Persistence in the absence of disease, but in the presence of antibodies is a defining characteristic of FV infection. HFV has been isolated from patients with various neoplastic and degenerative diseases such as myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, thyroiditis de Quervain, and Graves’ disease but the virus’ etiological role is still unclear.^[2] Recent studies indicate that it is not pathogenic in humans and experimentally infected animals.^[6]

Implications

If, in fact, HFV is not pathogenic in humans and is a retrovirus, it is an ideal vector for gene therapy. Another important feature of the virus is that the Gag, Pol, and Env proteins are synthesized independently; this is important because it means that each protein can be provided in trans on three different plasmids to create a stable packaging cell line. Having this would possibly reduce the need for a replication-competent helper virus.^[7] Other advantages are human to human transmission has never been reported, it has a safer spectrum of insertional mutagenesis than other retroviruses, and since there are two promoters in the genome, it may be possible to make a vector that expresses the foreign genes under the control of both promoters. A disadvantage of HFV as a gene therapy vector is that since it buds from an intracellular membrane (endoplasmic reticulum membrane); it results in low extracellular titers of the viral vector.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Meiering, Christopher D.; Maxine L. Linial (1 2001). "Historical Perspective of Foamy Virus Epidemiology and Infection". Clinical Microbiology Reviews (Clinical Microbiology Reviews) 14 (1): 165–176. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.1.165-176.2001. PMC 88968. PMID 11148008. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Human Foamy Virus". Stanford University.
^ Moebes, Astrid; Jorg Enssle; Paul D. Bieniasz; Martin Heinkelein; Dirk Lindemann; Michael Bock; Myra O. McClure; Axel Rethwilm (October 1997). "Human Foamy Virus Reverse Transcription That Occurs late in the Viral Replication Cycle". Journal of Virology. pp. 7305–7311.
^ Yu, Shuyuarn F.; Mark D. Sullivan; Maxine L Linial (2 1999). "Evidence that the Human Foamy Virus Genome is DNA". Journal of Virology. pp. 1565–1572. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Lochelt, Martin; Walter Muranyi; Rolf M. Flugel (August 1993). "Human Foamy Virus genome possesses an internal, Bel-1-dependent and functional promoter". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. pp. 7317–7321.
^ ^a ^b Liu, Wanhong; Zhongchun Liu; Xiongbin Cao; Ahijan Cao; Lu Xue; Fan Zhu; Xiaohua He; Wenxin LI (October 2007). "Recombinant Human Foamy Virus, a Novel Vector for Neurological Disorders Gene Therapy, Drives Production of GAD in Cultured Astrocytes". Molecular Therapy. pp. 1834–1841.
^ Hill, Claire L.; Paul D. Bieniasz; Myra O. McClure (1999). "Properties of human foamy virus relevant to its development as a vector for gene therapy". Journal of General Virology. pp. 2003–2009.

External links

Human foamy virus at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ウイルス誘発性の喘鳴および喘息：概要 virus induced wheezing and asthma an overview
2. 小児および思春期におけるB型肝炎ウイルス感染の概要 overview of hepatitis b virus infection in children and adolescents
3. ウイルス性髄膜炎：小児における疫学、病因、および病因 viral meningitis epidemiology pathogenesis and etiology in children
4. 新生児集中治療室における院内ウイルス感染症 nosocomial viral infections in the neonatal intensive care unit
5. ウイルス性髄膜炎：小児における臨床的特徴および診断 viral meningitis clinical features and diagnosis in children

English Journal

Cocirculation of Two env Molecular Variants, of Possible Recombinant Origin, in Gorilla and Chimpanzee Simian Foamy Virus Strains from Central Africa.

Richard L1, Rua R1, Betsem E2, Mouinga-Ondémé A3, Kazanji M3, Leroy E4, Njouom R5, Buseyne F6, Afonso PV6, Gessain A7.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2015 Dec 15;89(24):12480-12491. Epub 2015 Oct 7.
Simian foamy virus (SFV) is a ubiquitous retrovirus in nonhuman primates (NHPs) that can be transmitted to humans, mostly through severe bites. In the past few years, our laboratory has identified more than 50 hunters from central Africa infected with zoonotic SFVs. Analysis of the complete sequence
PMID 26446599

Characterization and comparative analysis of a simian foamy virus complete genome isolated from Brazilian capuchin monkeys.

Troncoso LL1, Muniz CP1, Siqueira JD2, Curty G1, Schrago CG1, Augusto A3, Fedullo L3, Soares MA4, Santos AF5.
Virus research.Virus Res.2015 Oct 2;208:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.022. Epub 2015 Jun 3.
Foamy viruses infect a wide range of placental mammals, including primates. However, despite of great diversity of New World primates, only three strains of neotropical simian foamy viruses (SFV) have been described. Only after 40 years since serological characterization, the complete sequence of an
PMID 26047587

Foamy viral vector integration sites in SCID-repopulating cells after MGMTP140K-mediated in vivo selection.

Olszko ME1, Adair JE2, Linde I1, Rae DT1, Trobridge P1, Hocum JD1, Rawlings DJ3, Kiem HP2, Trobridge GD4.
Gene therapy.Gene Ther.2015 Jul;22(7):591-5. doi: 10.1038/gt.2015.20. Epub 2015 Mar 19.
Foamy virus (FV) vectors are promising for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy but preclinical data on the clonal composition of FV vector-transduced human repopulating cells is needed. Human CD34(+) human cord blood cells were transduced with an FV vector encoding a methylguanine methyltrans
PMID 25786870

Japanese Journal

フォーミーウイルスによる胚性インターフェロン・タウの細胞内発現とHIV感染の抑制(ウイルス学)

藤井陽一,村瀬泰規,大竹かおり [他],横田恭子,大本真也,林秀敏,岡田秀親,岡田則子,河合正博,奥山治美,今川和彦
The journal of veterinary medical science 66(2), 115-121, 2004-02-25
インターフェロン・タウ(IFN-τ)は,反芻動物の妊娠・着床期に胚のトロホブラスト細胞から時期・細胞特異的に分泌される母体の妊娠認識に不可欠な因子である.IFN-τには他のIFNと同様に抗ウイルス活性や細胞増殖抑制作用が存在するが,母体の妊娠認識以外に生体内における作用は分かっていない.一方,人や猫のフォーミーウイルス(FV)はレトロウイルス科に属する内在性のウイルスであるが生体内では毒性を示さな …
NAID 110003886366

A Potential Live Vector, Foamy Virus, Directed Intra-Cellular Expression of Ovine Interferon-.TAU. Exhibited the Resistance to HIV Infection

, , , , , , , , , ,
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66(2), 115-121, 2004
… An apathogenic human foamy virus (hFV) was then used to establish a potential recombinant live vector consisting of oIFN-τ cDNA sense (+) or antisense (-) sequence, oIFN-τ(+)/hFV or oIFN-τ(-)/hFV, respectively. … Human hematopoietic and other mammalian cell lines that had been transduced with hFV vector consisting of no oIFN-τ, oIFN-τ(+)/hFV or oIFN-τ(-)/hFV construct were cultured initially for 12 days, and three of cell lines were then maintained for up to 90 days. …
NAID 130000448703

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) Carrier with Clinical Manifestations Characteristic of Diffuse Panbronchiolitis

, , , , , , , ,
Internal medicine 35(4), 305-309, 1996-04
… Despite the fact that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid suggested lymphocytic and neutrophilic alveolitis, the histologic diagnosis of his biopsied lung was diffuse panbronchiolitis-like lesion with infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells into respiratory bronchioles but few foamy cells. … Serologic examination revealed that he was a carrier of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). …
NAID 10006804493

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「HFV」「simian foamy virus」「ヒト泡沫状ウイルス」
関連記事	「human」「foaming」「foam」「virus」

「HFV」

Human foamy virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group VI (ssRNA-RT)
Family:	Retroviridae
Subfamily:	Spumaretrovirinae
Genus:	Spumavirus
Species:	Simian foamy virus
Serotype
	Human foamy virus